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Absolutism And Humanism Essay

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The medieval period began in 476 A.D after the fall of the Roman Empire and lasted until the beginning of the Renaissance period in the 14th century. The Catholic Church was the most important and powerful establishment, on the European continent; it had full control educationally and economically of the people and the state. Kings developed their higher authority among the people from their affiliation with the Catholic Church. The medieval period first was governed by feudalism, kings would pay the nobility with land in exchange for military service while, peasants provided labor in exchange for protection (PWH, p.480). Around the 11th century, feudalism started to change because of the modernization of agricultural machinery which, allowed …show more content…

Both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment period created a new way of thinking, thus the “subject” wanted to become a “citizen” which, in theory, was an important revolutionary change of the individual (Paine, …show more content…

496). Humanism opened a new chapter of the individual that allowed the personal thought to be expressed, however, if the remark was different from the standards of the church, consequences for that individual were applied. Despite the consequences, humanism started a drift from the Church, being the center of power, to the independence of the individual, which eventually overruled the church. The individuals curiosity of the world around them led to the questioning of society and nature, thus giving rise to the New Sciences. The scientific revolution, emerged in the early modern period, and excelled in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy. Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist, was banned and silenced by the church because of his scientific ideas that did not meet Church principles. In a quote on page 20 in Shaping of the Modern World, “The holy Bible can never speak untruth. . . nobody will deny that it is often very abstruse, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify,” Galileo insists that the bible is important, however, its rules are not set in stone meaning that

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Galileo believes in the Bible and that God has supreme authority over the world, but he sees religion and science as two different things. It is not the purpose of the Bible to explain the physical world, it is there to save our souls. He makes three distinguishes: The Bible and Church have all matters of faith. , if any scientific finding if proven to be true but is against the teachings of the Bible, then we have not found the true meaning of the Bible, and anything not proven that is against the Bible must be

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Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who disagreed with the Roman Catholic theory of geocentrism. He was not a heretic because he was a Christian and had similar beliefs to the Roman Catholics, but he did not agree with the Church’s theory of the position and movement of Earth in the Solar System. Document A is an excerpt of a letter to Duchess Christina of Tuscany written by Galilei, counter-arguing the heresy claims. In the letter, Galileo wrote, “Can an opinion be heretical and yet have no concern with the salvation of souls?” Although he did not believe in the astronomical theory of the Church, he believed that his scientific thoughts should not interfere with his religious beliefs.

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The Enlightenment was a time period in which people began to embrace individuality and many Enlightenment thinkers arose. The Enlightenment was a movement that was highly based upon reason and logic. It occurred around the mid-1700’s and helped develop a new way of life. John Locke was an influential thinker during this time. John Locke is a french philosopher and writer who developed Natural Rights.

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The Middle Ages consisted of Feudalism and was protected by the ownership/military that supports the members of society who did not have very much power. The Feudal society was linked to Serfs who was thought of, as the lowest end of the spectrum, was contributed to no more than slavery and was stranded to the land for life. The serfs who were agricultural laborers and under the feudal system, had to work on the estate to do physical work for the manor and would be confined to the land for the rest of their lives. They were not even permitted to marry without the permission of the lord. The fall of Rome began in the early middle Ages.

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They sought to balance religious faith with individual dignity and that wealth should be earned by individual achievements. As a result of a newly founded way of thinking that had won many scholars over Catholicism, the Catholics church and humanists sparked conflict. After the act of questioning the Catholic church’s authority, people began realizing the church’s various flaws which ultimately kick-started the Reformation. Humanism initiated in Italy as of renewed interests in classical culture.

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People believed that the progress made in science was an assault on Church and Christianity. Until the movement of Enlightenment, the Bible, the belief in God, and Christianity as well as the institution Church were seen as sacred and unquestionable. However, with the advent of science religious beliefs and the unique position of Church were

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Following the end of World War II, Germany was a nation full of change, conflicting ideas, and hard decisions. In the present day, the same goes for Syria, as their civil war continues. After World War II ended, Germany was split both economically and geographically. The nation was split into East Germany, run by the Soviet Union, and West Germany, run by the United States and its allies. This geographical split in 1945 was caused by the intense rivalry between Capitalism and Socialism .

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Crime and Punishment in the Medieval Period The Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from 476 CE to the 1453 CE. It began with the fall of the Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is divided into three main periods, the Dark Ages, the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. To a significant extent the nature of crime and punishment, it was very different between social classes during the Medieval Period. This can be seen through the significant groups that were involved in medieval crime and punishment, the effects of a person’s social class on crime and punishment and the punishments given out to different social classes between the Medieval Period and today.

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For example, the New York Times Article “Vatican Science Panel Told by Pope: Galileo was Right” mentions, “Moving formally to rectify a wrong, Pope John Paul II acknowledged in a speech today that the Roman Catholic Church had erred in condemning Galileo 359 years ago for asserting that the Earth revolves around the Sun.” This excerpt states that Galileo’s theories about the sun centered universe was correct. The church admits to their mistake and have recognized the truth in Galileo’s beliefs. In addition, the article includes a comment form Pope John Paul, “This led them to unduly transpose into the realm of the doctrine of faith, a question which in fact pertained to scientific investigation.” This means that the Roman Catholic Church at the time was in the wrong and had interpreted the scriptures incorrectly.

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Absolutism was a period of prosperity during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Absolutism is a form of government, a monarchy, in which a monarch has full governmental control. This is different from that of a limited monarch whose power is kept in check by a constitution or other government officials. Absolute monarchs gain their power in one of two ways: being born into a royal family and being in line for the throne or seizing control. Absolutism meant prosperity because monarchs were considered gods (or God 's power on earth), they changed countries for the better, and could be liked by the people for not doing everything in a harsh way.

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The Middle Ages is the European historical period between Antiquity and the Modern Era, which is considered to begin with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (476 AC), and to end with the discovery of America (1492). 
 The Early Middle Ages (also called Dark Ages), goes from the fifth to the tenth century and is characterized by low-income families and from invasions by Slavs, Arabs, Normans and Magyars. 
 The High Middle Ages, is an intermediate period, from the eleventh to the thirteenth century, which sees the development of forms of government based on lords and vassals, with the construction of castles and the rebirth of life in cities. 
 The Late Middle Ages, from the fourteenth to the fifteenth century, saw a growing general power and the revival of commercial interests, especially after the plague of the fourteenth century. Feudalism was the political governing system during the Middle Ages.

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“God, who has given the world to men in common, has also given them reason to make use of it to the best advantage of life and convenience” (Locke, 35). The Scientific Revolution concentrated on understanding the physical world through astronomical and mathematical calculations, or testable knowledge. The Enlightenment focused more on “Spreading of faith in reason and in universal rights and laws” (Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 535). While the Scientific Revolution preceded the Enlightenment, both time periods sought to limit and challenge the power of the Church, through the spread of science, reason and intellect, and political philosophies. The Scientific Revolution began with Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1542) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) wanting to understand the movement of the planets beyond what they authorities had told them.

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In a letter to Cristina of Lorraine, the Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Galileo gives a perfectly sound and rational argument as to why the church should not be charging him as a heretic for his belief in the heliocentric model when the bible is going against what they see with their own eyes. Furthermore, Galileo argues that, contrary to popular belief at the time, the bible should only be used to help us understand abstruse concepts and what is needed for salvation, not to explain the natural world. In a lot of ways, Galileo’s argument paves the way for separation between church and state, as well as the age-old conflict between science and religion that is still discussed even till today. However, what I found interesting here is that Galileo actually believed that his beliefs went hand in hand with the bible. He tries to justify his beliefs according to the bible by arguing that God gave us a brain in order

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Every great time period eventually has to come to an end. As time goes by no person will ever know when aspects could start to go wrong. The Middle Ages, from the 5th century to the 15th century, was a time period that was very successful, but came to an abrupt end. The church was the center of attention and beliefs were strictly based off of superstitions. The Middle Ages were composed of and relied on three main systems; feudalism, manorialism, and the Roman Catholic Church.

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The Middle Ages or Medieval period spanned from approximately 600 AD until the year 1450 AD. This era commenced with the splintering of the Roman Empire. What had once been the strong driving force of the entire known world at that point, was now a broken world with many people fighting to bring the world into subjection under one powerful nation once again. One superpower did come close to achieving this however, and this was the Catholic Church. It was not seen as just a religious body but also as a political entity.

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