Flordeliz, Alyssa B.
BSCE- V26
IMPROVING SAFETY AND DURABILITY OF CIVIL STRUCTURES
Bruhwiler. E. Improving Safety and Durability of Civil Structures.
Ecole Polytechnique Federale (EPFL), ENAC-MCS, p. 63-67.
SUMMARY Most of the people expect that the failure in bridges and structures should rely or depends in the professionals that involved in the construction and design of structures. This is particularly true for public technical system such as bridge. In some part of this article, the bridges failure in Switzerland and bridge failures worldwide are being discussed. It shows the analyzation of 138 cases of bridge failure worldwide. It says
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The design of concrete bridges for durability, safety, sustainability and serviceability against various aggressive environments is also discussed. Durable concrete should be a quality concrete to avoid serious problem. Engineers must ensure the good quality of the bridges during its service life. Ensuring the safety and serviceability of bridges must be consider together with the future maintenance cost not only the first cost of construction and design. Having good strength properties, low maintenance cost over the service life and good durability characteristics are factors to produce good, strong and quality concrete …show more content…
Elasto-Plastic Seismic response of RC continuos bridge with foundation-pier dynamic interaction (Bo, Chen, Yu) 2015,18, 6, Advances In Structural Engineering Using materials with high quality can help the bridge strengthen its durability. In this article, the shallow foundation is often employed as the base for bridges. And due to some natural phenomenon, the shallow foundation experiences plastics deformation. No matter how durable the strength of matrials used in building up brides, if the very own foundation is not strong, the bridge itself is not strong enough to withstand some phenomenons. This article shows that the study of soil-structure interaction (SSI) will help to maintain a proper foundation for bridges. II. Rock Solid: Stone Railroad Bridges of the 1840s (Brown) 2014, 84, 1, Civil Engineering A view of history can be a relaxing deisgn of bridges. It's like a feeling of being part of such historical events. It would feel as if we step back towards the past. This article shows how strong stone bridges are from the past because today's building bridges are made up of woods, concrete, metals and more. This states that now, bridges were built faster but the stone bridges durability from the past is unmatched that led to one of its advantages. The stone bridges would last a very long time and recquires less
Completed in 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad opened new doors for the United States. In order for this to happen though, some had to be closed. Our country was in desperate need on some of these changes, but some we could have lived without. This great connection of the coasts brought with it many positive and negative effects on the Native Americans, society, and the environment.
The people who worked on the bridge building needed all the help they could get, after all this was a 1 mile wide, 3 mile long bridge that needed to be built on top of water. Building the bridge was extremely dangerous, unfortunately, eleven people lost their lives in the process. According to the Golden Gate Bridge official website, “Eleven men. Until February 17, 1937, there had been only one fatality, setting a new all-time record in a field where one man killed for every million dollars spent had been the norm. On February 17, ten more men lost their lives when a section of scaffold carrying twelve men fell through the safety net” (GGB).
Officially finished on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge is one of America’s greatest achievements as it connected two very populous cities by land, allowing for better trade and travel. Though written differently, both “A Bridge for New York,” by Patricia Mayberry and “The Brooklyn Bridge,” from the Sun recognize the construction of the bridge as one of the most important engineering feats of the US. In “A Bridge for New York,” by Patricia Mayberry, the author elaborates more on the process of building the bridge and the hardships that had to be overcome in order for it to be built. In paragraph one, the author states, “This grueling project cost the health and even the lives of some of its builders.”
As America began to form, new factors of industrialization helped industrialist generate their fortunes through the use of technology, natural resources, and transportation. Many of the ndustrialists who were able to exploit the earth's resources generated fortunes, due to being the first ones to consider the endless possibilities that these materials could have in creating the new America. For instance, new innovations of technology allowed Carnegie, with the help of Henry Bessemer, to cut the manufacturing time of a single steel rail from two weeks to 15 minutes (Megan, Ruan and Patrick Ream). Carnegie’s resourcefulness in utilizing steel in order to build stronger and more stable architectures resulted in many industrialist seeking his services.
Andrew Carnegie gave a large amount of his money to people all around the world, so he was more on the side of ¨earn and give.¨ He was charitable to the community, contributed to society, and built libraries around the world. Andrew Carnegie was very charitable to the community. For instance, he gave 360 million dollars to charities all around the world. Carnegie helped peopleś education by building universities accessible to all people during the ¨Great Depression.¨ During the late 1800s many people got sick and were injured, so Carnegie built a system of hospitals.
First Transcontinental Road is Built The first transcontinental road was a length of 1,776 miles. The transcontinental road was built in 1860 and finished on May 10, 1869. This was one of America’s greatest inventions that had brought many successes to America, however there were difficulties along the way, such as Native American tribes being moved due to the transcontinental road invading their land. In this paper I am going to tell you about the invention that was so important to America in the 19th century.
It was one of the new improved bridges. People no longer had to get on a boat and get across. At one time many people could go across the bridge without it collapsing into the water. The big bridge speeded up transportation. They could get goods across from one place to another place in a short
In the novel Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya, the bridge is a structure that connects the town and Antonio’s home, this symbolizes a connection between the two worlds of danger and safety. The bridge is described as a connection or link to the town and Anaya shows this when he writes, “I took confidence from its song, and wiping my tears from my eyes I raced towards the bridge, the link to the town” (Anaya 59). This quote shows us how the bridge is the structure connecting his home to the town. The town is an unfamiliar place for Antonio, the difference in the town is dangerous for Antonio and the familiarness of his home gives safety. The bridge is not just a literal bridge, but a passageway between to the worlds of safety and danger.
I will use these seven elements to analyze the benefits and harms of the decision to use a thinner gusset plate to support the steel beams of the I-35W Bridge. Each component will be scored on a scale from -10 to 10. The negative values will represent pain values and positive numbers will represent pleasure values. After both sides of the case are analyzed, the values will be added together and compared in magnitude in order to determine whether the decision that the company took provided more pleasure than pain. I will look at the benefits of the decision first.
At the time one in four bridges built would fail and no one had ever attempted to build a bridge this large before, but Carnegie took on the challenge. Carnegie knew that there could be no rewards without risks and he put together a team of men to design the bridge. It would be called the Eads Bridge. (Source 8) Many concepts were scrapped and the design team soon realised that Iron was not strong enough to withstand the currents of the river. (Source 3) Carnegie knew that he would have to find something stronger than iron.
Now, we have bridges built out of stone and better material that is more stable. Also, they only have little houses. Today, we have machines that can build more complex structures on water. Document 6 is about record keeping. They called them scribes for each year.
From the 1800s to the 1850s the United States was permanently changed for the better with advancements in everyday life. This period of time was crucial for the development of the society that we live in today with the vast amount of inventions in this time period. Many Americans of this time period began to rely on these modernized inventions which seemed as though they were now necessities, giving Americans a new way of everyday life. If America did not undergo these changes we would not be where we are today in society. With such drastic changes in technology and social and political aspects, the United States was completely transformed during the antebellum period.
Assignment 2 CVE80006 Infrastructure Deterioration Modelling Concrete Crack Diagnosis Assignment The phenomenon of cracking in concrete may depend on several factors such as the amount of loading, rate of bleeding, amount of stress and strain generated in concrete, the composition of concrete and method of fabrication. The cracking of concrete has become severe due to advance construction process which demands high strength structure requiring an increase in stress, strain, and deflection resistance. The cracks in concrete are mainly classified as structural crack and non-structural crack.
It became a symbol of American Pride, was known to be the 8th wonder of the world (K. Burns, 2002). With it came a negative image as well. Some saw it as a negative monument for those who opposed it, based on the lives lost yet for the immigrants who needed an income the bridge was a work opportunity even though the pay and work was not desirable. Yet at the same time the courage and persistence of the American people to strive to complete a dangerous project. For the emerging economy in the area, the bridge was an investment into linking two important cities (D. McCullough, 2016).
Cracks are expected at intervals in this slab (Usually .90 to 1.2m) and are held together with structural steel. Appropriate spacing between cracks must be determined in order for this method to work. Continuously reinforced roads can sometimes be more expensive than the other two methods due to the higher quality of steel used in its construction, however this can be lowered by the reduced amount of cement used in the concrete mixture due to the thinner layer of concrete in comparison with the other two methods. With proper management, this method can be similar to the other two in terms of durability and cost