Collateral Ligament Case Study

The fibula is not involved directly in forming the articular surface of the knee joint.23 Figure 1: Knee joint. The joint between the femur and the tibia is a complex type of synovial joint. The joint between the patella and the femur is a gliding type of synovial joint. The articular surfaces of the femur, tibia, and patella are covered by hyaline type cartilage.23 CAPSULE The capsule surrounds the sides and posterior aspect of the joint. It is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces.

The capsule of the elbow joint and the annular ligament stabilize the bones proximally. Distally, the bones are connected by a wrist capsule, radio-ulnar stabilizing ligaments (dorsal and volar) and a fibrocartilage articular disk (triangular fibrocartilage compex, TFCC) (). There is an interosseus membrane

It gives wide exposure of coracoid process for the study of anatomical structures of the region, bones density as well as given clue to properly access this bone for researches relates to anthropometric studies. In this short modified method, the skin was reflected laterally and the fat, fascia removed, the pectorals major and deltoid muscles are clearly defined, which correlated with some previous published reports on dissection procedures of pectoral region (Romanes, 1986; Tank 2008), unlike the previously published techniques, where the pectorals major and pectorals minor muscles were dissected to expose the coracoid process (Romanes, 1986; Tank 2008). Our alternative approach seems to be consistent with the deltopectoral approach used in shoulder surgery with which the coracoid process can easily be approach once the deltopectoral groove with cephalic vein was identified, and the pectorals major and the deltoid was retracted upward and as well as laterally to access the coracoid process (Webb and Funk, 2006). In contrast, this new approach method to the coracoid process can easily be undertaken and the clavicular origin of the deltoid muscle could be dissected with minor injuries to enable the identification of the coracoid

The coronal structure connects parietal bones. The labroid suture unites the parietal with the occipital. Ball and socket joint as one in which the rounded surface of a bone fits into and moves within a cup-shaped depression, examples of this type of synovial joint are hip and shoulder joints. The ball-and-socket joint allows freedom of movement up, down, right left and in full 360-degree rotation. Gliding joints allows two or more flat or slightly rounded bones to move easily together without friction or grinding.

 The transverse process is large and anterior tubercle is absent.  Foramen transversarium is relatively small or absent. Structure of typical vertebra (C3 to C7): They have similar anatomical findings. The anterior components of the typical cervical vertebra are: I. The body: It is small and is the major supportive portion of the vertebra.

The ventral ramus is the most prominent and most important branch and it supplies the structures ventral to the neural canal. Second branch is the sinuvertebral nerve is a small branch arising from the ventral ramus traverses medially over the posterior aspect of the disc, vertebral body and posterior longitudinal ligament and supplies these structures. Third branch, the dorsal ramus courses dorsally and pierces the intertransverse ligament near the pars interarticularis and divides into 3 branches which supply the structures dorsal to the neural canal. The lateral and intermediate branches supply the posterior musculature and skin while the medial branch divides into 3 branches and supplies the facet joints at and the adjacent

The acetabular cavity consists of the peripheral articular lunate surface and the non-articular acetabular fossa in the center. The articular surface is enlarged by a fibrocartilaginous articular labrum. The lunate surface is crescentic and medially is has the acetabular notch through which the intrascapular ligament of the femoral head emerge and joins the femoral head to the acetabular fossa.

And they locate between the metatarsal. These muscles abduct digit two to four and flex the metatarsophalangeal joints. Only lateral plantar nerve is innervated within these muscles. Skin Skin is the outer part of our body. It covers our body and protects from the outer environment.

Muscle is a long bundle of flesh which is attached to the bones at both ends by tendons. Epimysium known as tough tissue which protect outer layer of muscle. Inside the epimysium are fascicles or bundles of muscle fiber cells. The fascicles are surround by a layer of perimysium tissue which act as connective tissue. The individual muscle fiber is covered with endomysium

The axis of the flap was a line joining apex of femoral triangle to the medial femoral condyle. The dominant pedicle was located at the apex of the femoral triangle around 6-8 cm below the inguinal ligament and it was detected preoperatively by Doppler examination. The width of the flap ranged from 7-11 cm whereas the length ranged from 15-25 cm. Dissection was done distal to proximal in the subfascial distal plane over the muscle. After harvesting flap was rotated to cover the testicular and perineal area and creating a scrotum with tension free