Early Childhood Education: Annotated Bibliography

The PISA tests are used to measure performance in reading, math, and science and the scores are available at the OECD website (http://www.oecd.org/pisa/). According to the 2012 PISA scores, 15-year olds in the U.S. scored 17th in reading, 21st in science, and 26th in math. American teenagers are average in reading and science and below average in math when compared to the 64 countries.” Those numbers aren’t terrible when considering Americans finished in the top half in all three categories, but the authors intelligently contrast those results with some from decades

The study began with a national sample of 90,118 adolescents both male and female. Out of the 90,118 students, 20,745 agreed to in-home interviews. These students are considered Wave I. These subjects were surveyed over extended period of time in four waves. The ranges of these waves are as follows:

Schools for children During 1865-1869, Children between ages 8 and 14 had to go to school for 12-16 weeks a year. They had strict rules and physical punishment 62% of white children attended elementary school. Only 34% of African-American children attended.

Furthermore, it can be argued the Federal Government was responsible for the advancement of civil rights for African-Americans from 1880-1980 because the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was a ground-breaking Supreme Court case dealing with busing students to promote integration in public schools in 1971. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system had more than 84,000 students in 107 schools in the 1968-1969 school year and there was an estimation of 24,000 Negros among those. Of the 24,000 Negros, about 14,000 attended 21 schools that were at least 99% Negro. This showed that desegregation was still needed in the city of Charlotte. It was first argued on 12 October 1970 but was officially decided on 20 April 1971.

Out of those 511 students 252 students are male and 259 are female. Also, 95% of the students are African American, 4% are multi- racial, 1% is American Indian, and there are 2 students that are Caucasian and 1 student that is Hispanic. 68 % of the students receive free and reduced lunches and 32% of the students receive regular lunches.

Though the face of the community college is changing, the focus is still advocating and educating the community. Statistical data rendered by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistic indicate that industries, students and community colleges can and should better prepare themselves for the twenty-first century market. That can only be done as a twenty- first century learner. Additionally, it is important to realize that some baby boomers may be retiring from their career jobs, but not necessarily retiring.

Questioning New Mexico’s addressing of the issue, I was pleased to find that the US Department of Education is trying to award contracts to two large common core testing (PARCC and Smarter Balanced) to develop computer-based assessments for students with cognitive

81). The leave is provided for employees who give birth, adoption or foster care, illness of a spouse, child, or parent, or the employees own illness. The law is provided to all employees in private and public schools. In a business or industry, the company must employ fifty or more people (Rebore, 2015, p. 81). To apply for the FMLA, the employee must have been employed in the school district for twelve months, and worked at least 1,250 hours.

School is mandatory within the ages 5 years old, to 18. Students in Puerto Rico can pick either public or private schools. As of 2013, there were 1,460 public schools and 764 private schools on the island. The overall literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%, when divided by gender. www.classbase.com/Countries/Puerto-Rico/Education-System Geography Puerto Rico is in North America.

Sunset Park community of Brooklyn NY, Zip Code 11220, is the community I did my practicum and the same community I work in. This community is one of 59 community districts of New York City and consist of approximately 130, 635 in population. The main race and ethnicity consist of 44% Hispanic, 28% Asian and 24% White (NYC.Gov, 2015). This community consist of 47% foreign born and 47% limited English proficiency (NYC.Gov, 2015). The average life expectancy is 81.6 years, 22% of the population age range from 0-17, 10% for age range 18-24, 38% for age range 25-44, 21% for age range 45-64 and 9% for 6 and older (NYC.Gov, 2015).