Edmund S Phelps

This lowers aggregate demand in the economy. Or vice versa, lower interest rates will stimulate the economy with higher spending, increasing demand. What is Fiscal Policy? On the other hand, fiscal policy involves changing tax rates and levels of government spending to influence aggregate demand for goods in the economy.Keynes ' model of government intervention focuses on government fiscal policy

In order to pay such debts back, Hamilton created the federal bank and convinced the Congress to issue federal bonds. This way the federal government could make interest payments on time, build credit while keeping the inflation from rising. Hamilton thought that the national debt could be a useful tool in order to create capital while letting the American industry to be highly competitive in foreign trade. In his book, Gordon also recalls that soon after the 1812 War the seventh President of the United States paid off the government debts thanks to surpluses deriving from high tariffs. Then, he explains that the introduction of the first Federal income tax in America during the Civil War proved to be decisive in order to investigate how to distribute the tax

Keynes contrasted his approach to the aggregate supply, focused 'classical' economics that preceded his book. The interpretations of Keynes that followed are contentious and several schools of economic thought claim his legacy. Keynesian economists often argue that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes which require active policy responses by the public sector, in particular, monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government, in order to stabilize output over the business cycle. [2] Keynesian economics advocates a mixed economy – predominantly private sector, but with a role for government intervention during recessions. Keynesian economics served as the standard economic model in the developed nations during the later part of the Great Depression, World War II, and the post-war economic expansion

In ' 'The Twilight of the Old Consensus, ' ' Gordon provides a trace of the fiscal policy after the end of World War 1 and how it led to the shock experienced during the Great depression. Finally, in ' 'Keynesianism and the Madison Effect, ' ' Gordon argues that after the end of World War 2, economists relied on Keynesian deficit-spending theory to dictate fiscal and monetary policy. These chapters have been used to sum up the

Only half a century later Daniel Kahneman’s work influenced by Herbert Simon’s theories received the Nobel Prize in economics for ‘having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science.’ Kahneman contrasted his psychological models against economic ones which he used as a benchmark. His research illustrates the bounded rationality of intuitive beliefs and choices through the investigation of the systematic biases that separate people’s beliefs and their choices from the optimal beliefs and choices presumed in rational-agent models. The aforementioned studies and research led to the more recent approaches/developments in behavioral economics. American academics Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein took a new step in behavioural economics. They developed a concept called ‘Nudge theory’ and popularized the term ‘nudge’ in their 2008 book 'Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness'.

Classical or real-wage unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. Many economists have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example, minimum wage laws raise the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, resulting in increased unemployment as people who wish to work at the going rate cannot (as the new and higher enforced wage is now greater than the value of their labor). Laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky. However, this argument overly simplifies the relationship between wage rates and unemployment,

Cost-push inflation happens when we face higher prices due to the increase in cost of production and higher costs of raw materials. It is determined by supply side factors. Cost-push inflation can be caused by higher price of commodities, imported inflation, higher wages, higher taxes and higher food prices (Economics Help, 2011). Demand-pull inflation happens when there is an increase in the price of goods and services when demand increases too much that it outpaces supply (US Economy, 2015). Sometimes people refer it as “too much money chasing too few goods”.

He was born on the 4th of July 1910 and died 23rd February 2003, aged 92. He developed theories on deviance, the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy, role model and manifest function. Merton studied sociology in Harvard University and earned his doctorate degree in 1936. He then taught in Harvard for a further two years. He started in Columbia University in 1941 where after more than 30 years he became the University’s highest rank, University Professor in 1974.

While the average income appears to be rising due to the increase in trade and production the gap between the high skilled, high wage workers and low skilled, low wage workers increases. This could be due to the introduction of mechanised corporations taking the place of labour intensive operations as well as the shift in focus from national to international trade. Globalisation allows some countries to exploit cheap labour in other countries to the detriment of the lower skilled workers in their own country who are no longer in demand and can therefore not command a fair

An expansion of the economy brings about a corresponding increase in quantity demanded for normal goods while a contraction in the economy causes a decline in the demand for the normal goods. On the contrary, the demand for inferior goods is not recurrent (Pech 24). The more the positive value for income elasticity of demand for a product is, the more sensitive consumer demand is to the fluctuations in national income. Banks can take advantage of the income elasticity of demand by analyzing the patterns in demand for money by its customers as their real income changes. Banks can provide customers with more credit cards should there be a period of economic expansion marked by a substantial increase in the income of customers (Hosek 5).

The trickle down effect explains that if that if higher-income earners get an increase in disposable income, they will thus increase their spending, creating additional demand in the economy. On the other hand, increased profits for firms may be reinvested into expanding output. According to political analyst Thomas Woods, increasing the size of government along Nordic Model lines is not the solution to the recent growth in inequality rates across the OECD. Imposing more government control over the economy, particularly those with large bureaucracies and oppressive laws, will have a detrimental effect on economic growth and cause poverty to increase. Governments should make it much easier for businesses to create jobs by getting rid

If the minimum wage increases, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the economy will get better or our standards of living will be better. If wages go up, then the standard of living will also increase. There are statistics that have proven why the raise of the minimum wage will actually cause more issues. As the minimum wage increases, the unemployment rate will increase. As well, there is a huge potential of causing small business to collapse due to higher wages and being unable to afford it.

For example, the government claims that higher wages increase a workers willingness to work. If this is so then what they are also saying is that lower wages decreases a workers willingness to work. Which sounds fine, until you apply that theory to the rent control laws. If rent controls force lower prices than a landlords willingness to provide quality housing must decrease as well. Along with that, the opposite would mean that allowing landlords to increase prices would increase their willingness to provide better quality and quantity

If interest rates increase, it will become attractive to invest money in that country because investors will get a higher return from savings in that country’s banks. Therefore the currency demand will rise. But higher interest rates will have a negative impact on the country. This is due to the reduction in purchasing power of the consumer while the loan borrowers have to pay more interest. Foreign investors are attracted towards a country that has a strong economy.