Central Nervous System Analysis

The brain stem is formed by the medulla oblongata and the pons (Starkey, et al., 2011). b. Its main functions are to relay information to and from the central nervous system (CNS), and control the involuntary system of the body (Starkey, et al., 2011). 5. Occiput a.

Terminal ganglia of the parasympathetic system receive impulses from the lower abdominal region as well as the pelvic cavity. A plexus is form by the terminal ganglia into the wall of the target organ below the head and neck region by a network of fibers. The enteric plexus is formed by the network of nerve processes in small and large

The diencephalon, alongside the cerebrum make up the two major divisions of the forebrain. The main structures of the diencephalon include the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus (including the pineal gland), and also the subthalamus. Moreover, located within the diencephalon is found the third ventricle, which is one of the four brain ventricles or cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The function of the diencephalon is to relay sensory information between brain regions and control many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, it connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system and works in together with limbic system structures so as to generate and manage emotions and memories.

They exert a wide range of functions in neuronal/glial proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as in maintaining the membrane permeability to ions and in the stabilization of synaptic transporters and receptors, the latest processes relevant to the generation and propagation of the nervous impulse and synaptic transmission.20,39,40 Moreover, cell and animal models underscore the key function of sphingolipids in the neurite growth and myelination of the cerebellum and forebrain, among other brain regions.41,42 Deficiency of ceramide synthase-2 that generates sphingolipids with C22-C24 fatty acyl chains results in 50% loss of compacted myelin and 80% loss of CNS myelin basic protein.42 Similarly, a 60% reduction of myelin-associated glycoprotein in the cerebellum and forebrain characterizes mice deficient in ceramide synthase-1, the enzyme that generates C18:0 sphingolipids.41 Interestingly, mice deficient of ceramide synthase -6, which generates C16:0 sphingolipids, as well as mice deficient of GM3 synthase that is responsible for one of the first steps in the production of gangliosides, both present hyperactive behavior and have been postulated as suitable animal models for

A large mismatch in Young’s modulus can lead to the electrode being encapsulated by non-neuronal cells as the body attempts to minimize the damage caused by having something stiff inserted into soft tissue. The difference in Young’s modulus interferes with the

At a chemical synapse, an electrical signal (AP) is transformed into a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) and thereafter is (re)turned back into an electrical one (AP). Thus the signal can move across the synaptic cleft via or as a neurotransmitter before it is turned back into an electrical signal (AP) at the receptor cell. This conversion process not only assures the inter-neural conduction of signals, but also their modulation (change). Depending on what kind of neurotransmitter is released and then docks at its postsynaptic receptors, either an excitation or an inhibition will be produced. An inhibition results in a hyperpolarization.

1.Spinal cord - is a long, and tubular shaped structure that contains nervous tissue and cells located at the end of the brainstem and continues down to the bottom of the vertebral column. It used to connect the peripheral nervous system and the brain. It acts as sensory system and transmitted message to the brain. 2.Conus medullaris - is a tapered structure that located in the most distal part of the spinal cord and end with filum terminale. 3.Cauda equina - It makes of spinal nerves and spinal nerve root that located near the first lumbar vertebra of spinal cord.

How Four Physiologic Systems Work Together Neuromuscular System: The neuromuscular system is where the body starts when it begins to make a movement. It does this by the nervous system to the motor neurons. This signal that is sent is in the form of an electrical impulse. Once it gets to the motor neuron, it is intercepted via the dendrites. Afterwards the signal is sent to the axon hilock where is it determined by the neuron if it will be sent down the axon.

These molecules are found throughout the body, namely in areas such as the brain, the organs, immune cells, glands and connective tissues. In each tissue, the endocannabinoid system performs different tasks but the overall aim is the same. This is that of homeostasis (TruthOnPot.com, 2013). Homeostasis is the control of a stable internal environment. The endocannabinoid system is a unique system in the brain that affects important functions such how a person feels, moves and reacts (The Science of the Endocannabinoid System, 2011).

The regulation of metabolism may be from within the cell or outside. The metabolic flux can be regulated by non-equilibrium reactions. The intracellular regulatory strategies include allosteric enzymes, substrate cycles, enzyme interconversion cycles etc. the cyclic AMP and phosphoinositide systems are major mechanisms of signal transduction. Metabolism is also regulated by hydrophobic hormones which enter their target cells and are able to interact with intracellular receptor molecules.

The hypothalamus communicates to each lobe differently. The hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract system is the specific way the hypothalamus communicates with the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is a nervous system connection with direct connecting neurons. The neurons are located in the hypothalamus and then axons extend down to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The neurons produce hormones that slide down the axons and end up in the posterior lobe.

The brainstem is located underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. The midbrain includes the tectum and tegmentum. The brain stem is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The midbrain is the rostral part of the brain stem. The pons are a part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain.

Basically, afferent neurons receive information and efferent neurons react to the information. In turn, if an efferent neuron is damaged, the muscle will not react. Injury to an afferent neuron disrupts the relay of sensory information. Injury to a cranial nerve results not only in loss of function, but loss of senses as well. One of the most commonly injured cranial nerves, the first cranial nerve, olfactory nerve.

The brain is the control centre for the nervous system The nervous system is split into two; -central nervous system; *brain *spinal cord -peripheral nervous system; *sensory division- informs the central nervous system of outer changes *somatic division- sends instructions of movement to different muscles *autonomic division- controls the running of inner organs -autonomic nervous system -somatic nervous system

When we hear a sound, the wave enters the ear canal and causes the eardrum to vibrate. The vibrations then passes through the middle ear which contains three bones that are connected. From there this gets fluid moving into the inner ear. This fluid maneuves through hair like cells which then turns those vibrations to nerve impulses. Those impulses are then moved to the brain bythe auditory nerve.