It was beginning to look a lot like Christmas. No! Forget that! It was Christmas Day, 1991 and the leader of the soviet union Mikhail Gorbachev sadly looked up at the red banner that was stained with a sickle, a hammer, and a star in gold for the last time. It was going to be lowered from the kremlin for the last time and to be replaced by the three striped, white, red and blue flag from pre-revolution Russia.
The Soviet state was born in 1917 after the Bolsheviks revolution. The Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian czar and made a socialist state in the land that belonged to the Russian empire before. In 1922, Russia was joined by the far-flung republics in the union of soviet socialist republics. The first leader was the legendary marxist:
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About 1924, worldly dictator Joseph Stalin seized power and ruled with an iron fist for the next four decades. Individual liberties were curtailed and people had no freedom. People's daily were watched/monitored carefully by secret police, the economy was government controlled,
After the death of Stalin in 1953, his brutal policies were taken down a notch, but the power of the communists stayed in place. They were focused on the cold war using western powers so, this created an arms race with U.S. and tried to stop any anti communism.
In march of 1985, a young politician, Mikhail Gorbachev took a different approach to the USSR. He started two policies. The first was known as Glasnost, or political openness. This was used to eliminate any traces of Stalinist ideas i.e: secret police, book bans etc. The second idea was Perestroika. This idea was to start economist reconstruction. Gorbachev had the idea that these reforms would help people make good wages, and help with better living conditions.
However, perestroika was not successful. Though it was meant to boost the economic activity it was slow to kick-in. Meanwhile with the new liberties, people got disillusioned with the soviet communist
The Soviet Union was the world's leading communist power and one the world's superpowers through the 20th century. However, on December 25th of 1991 after years of economic struggle the Soviet Union finally collapsed and split into 15 different states. This collapse was a result of the publically operated Soviet business not being to able to compete with the privately owned business of democratic countries. As a result, a major economic collapse would occur within Soviet borders. THese economic collapse left widespread discontent amongst the citizens of the communist country and resulted in the country splitting into 15 different states (History.com Staff.
The Bolshevik Revolution as well as the Russian Civil War had established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The USSR is a communist state, and Western republics and capitalists feared the
Following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1914, Joseph Stalin took up his position as leader of the Soviet Union. After rising to power, Stalin made drastic changes to Russia that was still torn from war at the time. With his power, Stalin aimed to bring Russia to the top of the world. In the end, while he pushed the Soviet Union’s economy to new heights, his methods were cruel and had negative impacts. After the war, Stalin was determined to turn Russia into a great industrial power.
From 1928, when the plan started, to 1932 to its end, many factories, dams, power stations and even cities were being built. Despite there being harsh penalties implemented to workers for failure to meet their targets, there was still a significant increase in Russia’s industrial growth in a very short period of time. Just like the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, under Tsar Alexander II, in protest of Stalin’s policies, the peasants, in protest, refused to work harder than they needed too, causing them to destroy livestock and crops, which eventually lead to their unnecessary death. Stalin, just like the Tsarist autocratic regime, was not committed to collectivism but preferred capitalism in his ruling of the Soviet Union. This caused a lot of rebellion from the Kulaks who opposed collectivism.
In early February of 1945 Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt met to make a plan for the postwar world. This was called the Yalta Conference, and because of it the world was set up for a confrontation that would last for 45 years. As a result of this conference the Soviets gained most of Eastern Europe and half of Germany, and the Allied powers kept control of all of Western Europe and the other half of Germany. The Soviets gained a lot of power from this conference and used it in hostile ways, such that in the US the tensions were high and fear of communism was growing. US citizens felt as if communism could take away their right to life and liberty, and this was reflected in the acts of the government.
The Soviet Union was a communist country.
The author says that perhaps many citizens may be drawn to Communist ideology if the social injustices become more prevalent, and urges the readers to look into the problems of Communist civilizations. This article is an example of how many felt during the Red Scare and Cold War in regards to communism. It shows that people felt a collapse
His main policies were “Perestroika”, meaning reform, and “Glasnost”, openness to the rest of the world, both signifying new era to come to the Soviet Union. In his 1991 resignation speech, Gorbachev justified these radical changes by stating that all the previous “half-hearted reforms fell through, one after another... We had to change everything radically”(Feelings of Hope and Faith). This change into a domestic policy focus, was only achieved thanks to Gorbachev efforts in deescalating tensions. He achieved at moderating “President Reagan's suspicion of ‘the evil empire’ and established a sense of personal trust at the Geneva U.S.-Soviet summit”.
Moreover, in response to Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, Stalin made the aggressive movement of setting up the Cominform, the purpose of which being to coordinate the actions between Soviet influenced Communist Parties. This act of strategic organisation caused the initiation of the Truman Doctrine, both of which can be said to have ‘hasten[ed] the division of the world into two blocs’ . One of the final acts of Stalin was the Berlin Blockade, which pushed tensions in international relations to a peak. By the end of the crisis in 1949 and indeed throughout the rest of Stalin’s reign, there was absolutely no communication
This deep-rooted hostility primarily stems from the Communist ideology itself (BC lecture, 8). The Soviets believed that history would lead to revolutionary overthrow of capitalism and the installation of world Communism. (BC lecture, 8). Many Communists believed that revolutions across the globe would occur inevitably, so there was no immediate need for a major war with the West (BC Lecture, 9). However, Russian policymakers did not believe in a completely passive stance towards the West.
The first five year plan outline key concepts which Stalin’s U.S.S.R would need to accomplish at all costs in order to reach the same level of power as many western nations during the 1920’s and 30’s. The first goal of the five year plan was to heavily industrialize the Soviet Union by building many factories and moving the rural population to an urban living area. This essentially helped to create the large cites of Russia. Another goal of the first five year plan was to find a means of managing food for the urban population. This ended up creating the need for agriculture to be collectivized with the creation of collective farms.
Although World War I was to soon come to an end, a wave of fear of radicals and communists emerged throughout the United States in 1917. The hysteria lingered as Russia was taken over by a communist group in 1917 known as the Bolsheviks. From the moment this Russian Revolution occurred, there was a widespread fear of possible communist uprisings in the United States. Communism is a political system that pairs a socialist or command economy with a totalitarian government. Within a communist system, there is no private ownership of businesses or property.
Soon after the collective farms were started, famine struck the Soviet Union. Millions of people died because of the massive famine (Brittanica.com). Stalin also created the “five year plan.” The “five year plan” was Stalin’s ideal plan for a speedy industrialization. His plans often lead to shortages of different items.
On March 11th, 1985 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was elected the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Upon being elected, he immediately raised concerns about the social, economic and political issues in the Soviet Union, mainly those of economic decline, rising ethnic tensions and a rise in nationalism, leading to a stronger desire for Soviet Republics to gain their independence. This essay analyses the two sources by Gorbachev that set the complete reform of the Soviet Union in motion, ‘Gorbachev’s first views’ depicting his desire for reform and change, and ‘Gorbachev and the need for perestroika’ which depicts his dissatisfaction with the current system and the status-quo. Perestroika and Glasnost are undoubtedly the most essential sets of policies to understand Gorbachev’s intentions for reform and change of the system in the Soviet Union. This essay’s research question is “What kind of changes did Perestroika and Glasnost bring to the socio-economic aspect of the Soviet Union?”
The whole of Communist Europe was swept by revolution in 1989, one by one, all the Communist states were overthrown by democracy, and by 1990, this great divide brought the Eastern European countries solidarity and democracy. On October 3rd, 1990, the world viewed the unfolding of thousands of ecstatic, euphoric and exuberant Germans bringing down the most prominent icon of divide at the heart of Europe—the Berlin Wall. For two generations, the Wall was the powerful depiction of the Iron Curtain. In fact, East German border guards had orders to shoot people trying to defect. But just as the Wall had become a symbol of the division of Europe, its fall came to denote the end of the Cold War.