1. Photographic images of chromosomes are arranged into matched and ordered pairs to create a karyotype. Each species of organism is characterized by a particular number of chromosome in each cell. The nucleus of each somatic or body cell of a human contain 46 chromosomes, which form 23 pairs, of which 22 are matched or homologous. The 23rd pair, which is matched in female (XX) but unmatched in males (XY), is called a heterosome. Because these chromosomes determine the sex of an individual, they are also referred to as sex chromosomes.
2. The homologous may have the same number of chromosomes but the form of pairing may differ depending on what they may receive from each parent via the sperm and the other from the female parent via the egg cell (ovum).
3. No because the human contains 46 chromosomes, which is form 23 pair, of which are
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12. a). When it comes to the tallness and shortness of a plant, the factor foe tallness is dominant to the factor for shortness. Shortness id described as recessive.
b). A dominant characteristic or trait, by definition, can express itself whether it occurs in the homozygous or the heterozygous condition. A recessive trait, however, can only express itself when in the homozygous condition.
13. The majority of the pea plant will look short. Only ¼ will be tall.
14. When homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis, they take their alleles with them and thus each gamete receives only one pair of alleles enabling us to predict the ratio.
15. a). the dominant seed shape id smooth because the F1 offspring all have smooth seeds.
b). Mendel’s factors in inheritance and the separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis provide evidence that gene are carried on chromosome. The segregation of alleles in inheritance corresponds to the segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
c). plant P genotype: TT and tt, F2: ¼ TT, ½ Tt, ¼ tt. F1: all Tt
d). in the F2 generation ¾ will have smooth seed and ¼ will have wrinkle seed. Tt and
Only about 2% of the human genome is comprised of genes, an estimated 25,000 genes. The majority of cellular structures
Q. Differentiate between recessive and dominant disorder? Explain. A. your genes determine your traits like hair, skin, and eye color. Like when it comes to eye color brown eyes are dominate and blue eye ae recessive.
• Two haploid daughter cells are formed o Sister chromatids separate in meiosis ll • Second division that separates sister chromatids • Chromatids may not be identical due to crossing over in prophase I • Chiasmata formation between non-sister chromatids results in the exchange of alleles o Crossing over is the exchange of DNA material between non-sister homologous chromatids • When chiasmata is formed between the bivalents in prophase I, DNA is exchanged between the non-sister homologous chromatids • Crossing over results in production of new allele combination on the chromosomes • Recombinant chromosomes consist of genetic material from both homologues o Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes of the haploid cells • Genes may be linked or unlinked and are inherited accordingly o Gene loci are said to be linked if on the same chromosome / • Linkage group is a group of genes whose loci are on the same chromosomes and don't independently assort • Linked genes tend to be inherited together • Don't follow the normal dihybrid cross • Phenotypic ratio is more closely assigned to monohybrid cross as two genes are inherited in a single unit • Linked genes may become separated through
Also, that he couldn’t fully explain why the hybrids created new hybrids. Lastly, he knew that there was some mechanism which involved male and female. During his experiments of crossbreeding he observed and was able to conclude that that there were dominant and recessive factors which determined what the offspring of two peas would
Where recessive phenotypes were green seeds, wrinkled seeds, terminal leaflets, smooth leaves, reduced stipules, short. On the other hand, genotypes is the set of genes in our DNA, they are also responsible for particular trait. Also, phenotype and genotype is fundamental to the understding of heredity and development of
Klinefelter syndrome, also known as ‘47,XXY’ and ‘XXY’ is found in males, this is due to the fact that the host male gets another X chromosome. The image on the right you can see the extra chromosome with the pair of sex chromosomes. Usually there are only two chromosomes that determine the sex, one from opposite sexes but when it comes to Klinefelters Syndrome there is an extra X chromosome. Because this due to the additional chromosome it can described as a chromosome disorder.
Your parents have alleles that give you, their child, a factor for traits. Those factors from each parent, create a genotype, which although the factors that are passed down aren’t determined by dominance, your phenotype is. Your phenotype is the traits that are dominant in your genotype. My first example was of sam and his condition. When the trait skipped a generation but came back without being dominant, it showed that alleles and genotypes aren’t determined by dominance.
After the experiment, the data we collected from our F1 generation showed that most of the plants moved towards the upper end of the graph. The highest amount of plants were at 20.1- 22cm and 26.1- 28cm. Interestingly enough, the graph of the P generation was skewed right while, the graph of the F1 generation. In regards to the distribution of both graphs, The F1 graph was more evenly distributed than the graph of the P
When referring only to chromosome 21, on occasion, mostly in egg production, the sister chromatids can be pulled apart unevenly, with 3 chromatids going into one daughter cell, and one chromatid going to the other. This means that if nondisjunction occurs in meiosis (I), when meiosis (II) occurs, there will be 2 gametes with 3 chromosome-21s going into telophase, and 2 gametes with only one chromosome-21. This is referred to as trisomy-21. This can also occur in meiosis (II) where meiosis (I) occurs normally but there is nondisjunction in the daughter cell resulting in 2 gametes with 2 chromosome-21s, a gamete with 3 chromosome-21s and a gamete with only a single
The sister chromatids are pulled towards oppsite poles of the cell. (http://andrewhulse.weebly.com/archive-blog---life-in-room-213206209/archives/01-2014) Telophase:the chormatids are now called chormosomes. The nuclear envelope reforms arounds the two sets of chromosomes to form two new nuclei and in each nucleus the nucleolus reforms. The spindle fibres disappear and the chromosomes become uncoiled, elongated and are no longer visible.
Mendel had concluded that there had to be two kinds of factors dominant and recessive factors. In the first experiment (F1) the yellow was completely dominant and it seemed the green factor had gone away. But in the second experiment (F2) the green gene had reappeared in one of the four peas in the offspring so in the second experiment the three of four peas the yellow gene was dominant and the other pea had the green recessive
Almost invariably, bivalent 6 carried two MLH1 foci in homozygotes with no statistical differences between males (1.9 ± 0.06) and females (1.9 ± 0.03); instead, the number of foci was drastically reduced in male (1.1 ± 0.03) and female (1.3 ± 0.09) heterozygotes. In heterozygotes, most bivalents (85%) had one focus; when two foci were present they were more commonly observed in the female. Focus frequency distributions indicate that crossovers occur more frequently towards opposite ends of the bivalent in homozygotes, with one focus at the proximal region and another close to the telomere of the long arm (Figure 3). In heterozygotes, the preferred location of the distal crossover is maintained, but there is a clear increment of foci at 40-50 from the terminus compared to the same region in homozygotes (Figure 3). In the heterozygotes, no foci were observed beyond 40% from the centromere of the acrocentric element, therefore it is possible that one of the inversion breakpoints is located
Drosophila is a fly species that is used in genetics. Since Drosophila goes through life cycles extremely quickly, it is one of the best specimens to use in a multiple generation experiment. The purpose of this experiment is to follow the genetic phenotype of the offspring and determine the genotype, which will most likely predominately be the wild type phenotype with a few recessive traits. To conduct the experiment, we first cross the parents, wild type with sepia eyes and vestigial wings or black body with vestigial wings. The offspring from that cross is expected to be 100% wild type and the following cross between the F1 generation is expected to be 9:3:3:1.
Heredity is basically the passing on of genetic traits from parents to offspring. Both phenotypes and genotypes are passed down from one’s parents. A genotype is the genetic code of one’s cells. These genetic codes consist of paired alleles and often fall into three categories: homozygous dominant (BB), Homozygous recessive (bb), and Heterozygous (Bb). Phenotypes are the physical expression of genotypes, for example, whether someone has freckles vs. if someone does not have freckles.
The short amount of time to perform this experiment also could have a played a role for the turn out of the results. If the experiment was to be extended for a couple more generations, more conclusive results could be drawn to fully see the effect of artificial selection. The chance for human error in this experiment was very high as an error that may have affected our results is that our group didn’t use the same people that measured the P generation to measure the F1 plants, thus creating confusion on which side was “side 1” and “side 2”. Another error that may have affected our results was that the people measuring the plants were not certain whether they measured the same plant twice and may have lead to redundancy in data. An improvement would be to better keep track of the measurements and