The table above represents the situation narrated in the introduction. C represents the
choice of Cooperating with the other prisoner, which means remaining in silence and D
represents the choice of Defecting, which means blaming the partner. Depending on their
choices, the prisoners would have different payoffs4
, which are:
T (0 years) (Temptation Payoff) - Earned by the one who defects while the other cooperates.
R (1 year) (Rewarding Payoff) - Earned by both if they cooperate with each other.
P (2 years) (Punishment Payoff) - Earned by both if they defect.
S (3 years) (Sucker’s Payoff) - Earned by the one who cooperates while the other defects.
If a prisoner defects, then he will spend either 0 or 2 years in the jail depending on what
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However, if the
prisoner were to cooperate, he would spend either 1 or 3 years in prison depending on what the
other does, which means that he would receive either a rewarding payoff or a sucker’s payoff.
Therefore, no matter what, the safest option is to defect no matter what, because the prisoners
will not be taking the risk of facing the Sucker’s Payoff and will have the chance of being set
free, depending on the partner’s choice. If a prisoner were to cooperate, he would either face 1
year prison or the Sucker’s Payoff, which is the worse payoff among all the possibilities.
Example 2: Repeated Game
When the Prisoner’s Dilemma is played more than once, the players have the opportunity
to build strategies, because when a new round begins they know which action was taken by its
opponent in the previous game and from that they will be able to analyze what should their next
moves be. To better explain what happens in a repeated game, I constructed the next diagram
representing the point of view of Prisoner 1 during the repetition of the game from example
1. For example, officers may take bribes in exchange for making a prisoner’s life a little
The release conditions require no criminal offenses, good behavior, or notification of contact with officers. When released from prison in Scotland, the individual never receives full freedom for the rest of their life. The first recall is influenced by these factors; first, it is influenced by the conditions, such as a risk assessment plan and conditions set by a parole officer. The second factor is the judgment used by officers reporting a suspected violation to the parole board. The third reason for the recall is the decisions of the parole board when an individual breaks the contract.
He hopes to accomplish the goal that prisoners are capable to turn from a life of crime and violence, and are able to successfully transition into a proper life outside prison. However, Santo’s approach is not without biases. For instance, a plausible bias that he may hold is his assumption that everyone wants to change. Not all prisoners may want to change for the better or to turn from a life of crime and violence. In particular, prisoners with violent and psychological tendencies may never be able to turn to rehabilitate services and re-integrate within a
1. A) In the first episode of this very interesting show, I was able to identify the key victim(s), transgressor, perpetrator, and investigator. First, I believe that Dexter Morgan is the key transgressor in the first episode because the plot revolves around him from the opening scene on the boat to the end of the episode.
The second type is called sentence bargaining. Sentence bargaining involves the prosecutor recommending leniency during the sentencing stage. For example, Craig pleads guilty to a misdemeanor petty theft. The prosecutor would likely recommend no jail time for the defendant. (Spohn & Hemmens, 2012)
As a result of these privileges given to the inmates upon their arrival, the prisoner have no real incentive to follow the rules and regulations therefore prison officials must bribe and coerced them. A way to fix the defects of total power, prison officials should change or eliminate the reward system. Instead of providing inmates with rewards upon their arrivals at the prison, guards should use a positive reinforcement system where inmates get to enjoy certain privileges if and only if they follow the rules and regulations of the prison. Another structural defects are the inadequacies of the prison staff. Almost half of all the guards at the New Jersey State prison were temporary employees.
The proposed examples have shown how in two different cases, some players tend to cooperate and other tend to defect. Both stand to win considerably more by cooperating, but because of the risk and uncertainty that this move would result in, opting for defection appears to be a much safer choice. Studies have shown how animals with very limited intentional communication cooperate 91% of the time (Bullinger et al, 2011), which offers one possible reason as to why this occurs. The Stag Hunt game is, especially when compared to the Prisoner’s Dilemma, a greatly under-researched area, and as such could greatly benefit from further studies to shed some light on its process.
The participants were randomly selected by flipping a coin. They were either made a guard or an inmate; There were 10 inmates and 11 guards. Zimbardo wanted the “criminals” to feel like real criminals and treated like real criminals. He had the participants arrested at their own homes and taken to the police station to go through the whole process of
These individuals are locked down in a small 8 by 10 feet cell for the entirety of their sentence. The inmates have
When he goes back to tell what he has discovered to the other prisoners they do not believe him and do not want to leave. They would rather stay in the cave where they believe life is perfect. Those prisoners would be the people who decide to plug in. Once they choose to plug in the won’t want to leave. For instance, if they were to only be plugged in for 10 years and then be unplugged to either choose their next 10 years or stay unplugged, they would most likely choose to plug back in.
Despite all the progress the criminal justice system has made over the years, there will always be flaws due to humanity. Humans will never be perfect, making this the biggest downfall of any operation involving people. In any given situation, there is a decision made to later have an outcome. Depending on the decision and how the situation is viewed, the outcome may be good or bad.
In regards to ethical and moral decisions for those who commit crimes, there are multiple factors that can determine what the most appropriate verdict should be. In scenario three, a man has been convicted of armed robbery to serve time in prison, and admits guilt for the deed. The man pleas that he will not commit any crimes again, and is not a danger to society. He claims that he and his wife are expecting a child, and that going to jail would be detrimental to the future of his wife and children. Based on the information given, it is evident that there will be difficulties in making a final decision that will determine this man’s fate.
Ap Language Summative Assesment Unit 1 Lamin Williams 9-12-16 4A Mrs. Archer In “ The Allegory of the Cave” 360 BCE, Plato emphasises that the cave explains human existence and envisions the world as a dark cave, and humans trapped as prisoners in that cave. Using symbolism he supports this statement by demonstrating to his students that our minds conceive the sources of shadows and the material world we live in as false truths. His purpose is directed towards his students, to help others out of the cave, to reveal the burden of false truths also know as the shadows. Plato uses a didactic tone to help his students understand and encourage them not to stay in the cave, but to free themselves and help others become free of the shadows the
The conditions of confinement are focusing on reducing the risk that a murderer will return to commit the murder after they are being released. Bastoy prison uses a system to see whether or not the murderer is rehabilitated as a basis for release from prison. Foucault stated that the “the prison make him promise to do his duty gladly, to behave decently, promising him or allowing him to hope that, before the expiration of the term of the sentence, he will able to obtain his discharge if he behaves well.” The maximum prison sentence in Bastoy prison is 21 years according to Norwegian Law, but it can also be extended to extra five years if the murderer is deemed to be not rehabilitated by
As explained above, confidence in Madoff for his clients was one of the reasons of the great scheme’s success. Lionel L. Lewis wrote articles about “The Confidence Game”. He points out that confidence was the most important reason of his success. And that confidence was based on a con game. Lewis explain a con game comparing it to a theatrical event, where the con artist invites victims not only as an audience but also to take part in the play.