Abstract— The present article aims towards the development of a new approach for identification of tea sample by experimentation with electronic tongue and following pulse voltametry method. Six different IS certified tea samples were considered for experimentation using The PCA score of unknown tea sample is undergone through different pair-wise (binary) classification by SVM for fifteen times according to rule (i.e. ½[M[M-1], M being number of categories) for training . The PCA score of unknown sample is then tested with 15 binary SVM-classifiers .The result of classification is a six membership grades. Finally these membership grades are analyzed by decision directed acrylic graph method (DDAG) for decision making task about the exact …show more content…
PC, microcontroller based system etc.) A potentiostat is used for electrochemical analysis of redox active species and in evaluating thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of electron transfer events. A potentiostat is an electronic instrument capable of imposing electrical potential waveforms across a working electrode relative to a reference electrode. It also measures the resultant current through the cell at the third electrode [2, 5]. In operation, the potentiostat is commonly interfaced to a three-electrode setup containing reference electrode, working electrode and counter electrode. The reference electrode is used for producing a constant reference potential in the electrochemical cell, against which the working electrode potential may be determined with relatively high precision.. Minimal current is drawn through the reference electrode because its current signal is made input to a very-high–impedance electrometer, thus ensuring the constant potential condition .From the surface of the working electrode the electron transfer of interest occurs. Current flowing toward the counter electrode due to electron transfer events is measured The working electrode must be geometrically larger enough so that it does not limit the current density at the working electrode. However the electron transfer events at the counter electrode surface is ignored as they do not …show more content…
Brookbond, Double-diamond, Godrej, Lipton, Lipton-Darjeeling and Marvel). Three separate stocks of tea liquor of different categories, volume 100mL have been prepared after adding 5 gm tea to 150mL water and boiling for 5 minutes. During experiment, the temperature of tea samples are maintained at 200C and pH values of all tea samples are maintained at 6.0 by adding buffer solution. The experiment were performed each time in a standard three electrodes configuration, containing four working electrodes (e.g. AG, PT, AU and GC ) having 5 mm length and diameter of 1 mm, counter electrode (made of stainless steel) having a dimension of 20x50 mm2, and Ag/AgCl, 3M KCL as reference electrode. The electrodes were immersed into tea liquor contained in 150mL electrochemical cell of potentiostat (make Gammry, Model: G 300). The current response from counter electrode was captured by DAS hardware connected to PC and PHE200 Physical Electrochemistry software package. In pulse voltametry method, the input waveform is formed by potential pulses of varying amplitudes with a base potential in between. Different amplitudes are used to increase the sensitivity and improve the discrimination between samples so that all substances that are electrochemically active below base the applied potential will add to the measured current. The current response from an input
Consequently, it induces second element to be oxidized. 2. In the experiment #3, zinc electrode acts as anode, where the oxidation processes occur, while iron half-cell acts as cathode, where the reduction processes appear. In the experiment #4, iron is visa verse reducing agent that evicts electrons to copper half-cell through the circuit.
In 1773, on a December night in Boston there were three ships sitting in the Boston Harbor. The Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver were the ships names. All three of those ships were carrying tea. The tea wasn’t unloaded because residents were angry because they were threatened not to buy the tea or use it. People of Boston were angry at the government of Boston that passed the “ Tea Act” since the Tea Act passed the law said the colonists had to get there tea from the East India Company.
The event I researched is, Tea Act. It happened on, May 10, 1773. This topic talks about that the Tea had to be sent directly to the colonies and that there they had to sell it to a good price. The event was about, because they did not have how to increase the income in the American colonies. As a result of this event, It turned out that the colonies of Philadelphia and New York returned the tea boats to Great Britain, And in Charleston the load of Tea was rotting on the docks.
The Tea Act was passed on May 10, 1773, and really didn’t implement any new tax. The tax on tea had existed since the 1767 Townshend Revenue Act, in which glass, lead, paint, paper, and oil were also taxed. Because of the numerous protests and boycotts, all the taxes were repealed, except for the one on tea. That tax was kept to prove a point that Parliament still held the right to tax the American colonies. The passing of the Tea Act angered the colonists; the act granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales.
The Tea Act angered the colonist the most because for one they took action and threw over tea into the Boston harbor, and because it’s the India company that’s getting all the money, they have the monopoly. Also, the Boston Tea Party (which was what happened because of Tea Act) lead to the British passing the Coercive act which shut down the Boston harbor from importing or exporting. The Sugar Act is the one that angered them the least because it was the first tax the colonies had gotten, they would have been okay with it because at this time they still liked Britain. Also, it only taxed sugar and molasses and the Tea Act hadn’t been passed yet so they could still have their tea but the sugar would have been just a bit more expensive than
While the colonists vandalized and destroyed property from the Boston Tea Party of 1773, the patriots’ behavior were justified and was not a be considered an intemperate act of lawlessness because the British were treating colonist unjustly, the colonists did not have any representation in Parliament, and the British sent soldiers to live with colonists against their will and the taxes impose on to them. In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her financial struggles in each situation.
The quantitative solubility of the unknown compound was determined to be 29/100ml. The known solubility of sodium sulfate is 28.11g/100mL water. Using the found solubility to compare to the known solubility of sodium sulfate. This solution created in the solubility test, the conductivity of the unknown compound was tested using an Ohmmeter to measure the resistance of the solution. Resistance is the measure of a substances ability to conduct
Goals The primary goal of this experiment was to identify an unknown compound by running various tests to determine the qualitative solubility, conductivity, and pH value of the compound. Tests were also performed for the presence of specific cations and anions in the compound. The second goal was to discover the reactivity of the unknown compound by reacting it with different types of substances. The third goal of this project was to calculate the quantitative solubility of the unknown compound in water.
The Tea Act sparked the final revolutionary movement in Boston. A company from East India, burdened with eighteen million pounds of unsold tea. The tea was shipped directly to the colonies, and to be sold at a bargain price. The Townshend duties were still in place, however, the radical leaders in America found reason to believe that this act was a plot to buy popular support for the taxes already in force.
The Boston Tea Party was carefully and thoroughly planned as the Bostonian 's were not to do anything until December 17, 1773. On that day they were to dress as Indians, equipped themselves with either a small hatchet or a tomahawk, and paint their faces with coal. As they got to Griffin’s wharf they separated into three groups and Leonard Pitt was the commander of George Hewes’ Crew. At this point Pitt orders Hewes to retrieve the keys from the captain for the hatches and candles. Next, the commanders orders them to take the tea filled chests, split them open and throw them overboard.
stamped paper it also taxed land grants, pamphlets, playing cards, and calendars”(97). This angered people due to the fact that everything that used to be free, was now costing money that went straight to the British Troops commissioned to protect the colonies against invaders. In 1773, the dreaded Tea Act the ironic thing about it was it actually lowered the price of tea in the colonies but the problem was any product shipped to the colonies had to pass through England, upon getting the tea from the East Indies the English merchants had to pay a tax on their purchase. The catch was the East India Company would choose a select group of colonial merchants who were permitted to sell the Tea.
The Parliament passes the Tea Act in 1773. From then on the course of history will have many more down hills throughout the years. Some background information is that the colonist were mad at the government and at england because they were putting taxes on the people out there conscient the colonist didn’t want anything to do with England so they boycott the shipping orders coming in and had The Daughters of Liberty make clothing for them. The Tea Act cause the colonists to be mad at England and ultimately lead to their showing of anger in the Boston Tea party, both events impacted the American Revolution.
The Revolutionary Era was a time of British aristocracy over the American colonist, taking control over almost every aspect of their lives, specifically financially tax-wise. This was due to to the British believing that the colonists were responsible of repayment for their protection and services from the French in the French and Indian war. As the British began taxing the colonists further and further, totalitarianism began to set amongst the British government . this resulted in colonial rebellion against them for the sake of their well being and financials. As resistance and rebellion against the British increased so did tension as well as the British’s grab for control, eventually leading to full scale attempts at independence from them.
Throughout the middle of the 17th century, the relationship between Great Britain and her American colonies was plagued by stresses. Both the Stamp Act, passed in 1765, and the Tea Act, enacted in 1773, caused colonists great ire towards the British due to feelings of unfair taxation. As a response to the Tea Act, colonists in Boston ruined thousands of pounds of tea by pouring it into the Boston harbor (History.com). Earlier, Benjamin Franklin had attempted to get all of the colonies to meet together, but they had abstained (U-s-history.com). After the Tea Party, however, the Coercive Acts were put into place by Parliament, urging the colonists to greater action, causing them to assemble the 1st Continental Congress (History.com).
The Tea Party originated from the Boston Tea Party and was officially created on September 2, 2004. The idea of the Tea Party formed when Congressman Dr. Ron Paul’s presidential campaign was a hit. This event contributed to the creation of the Tea Party that consists of members that are Republicans, Democrats, Libertarians, and independents who identify themselves with premises set forth by the U.S Constitution. One of the many well known members of the Tea Party is Sarah Palin, former governor of Alaska. They call themselves American Patriots from every race, region, national origin, and walk of life.