Cauda equina Essays

the peripheral nervous system and the brain. It acts as sensory system and transmitted message to the brain. 2.Conus medullaris - is a tapered structure that located in the most distal part of the spinal cord and end with filum terminale. 3.Cauda equina - It makes of spinal nerves and spinal nerve root that located near the first lumbar vertebra of spinal cord. 4.Filum terminale - is a fibrous tissue structure that proceeded downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It has two sections:

Anatomy of meniscus tear Description -3 bones meet to form knee joint: your thighbone (femur), shinbone (tibia), and kneecap (patella). -2 wedge-shaped pieces of cartilage act as "shock absorbers" between thighbone and shinbone. These are called meniscus. They are tough and rubbery to help cushion the joint and keep it stable. (Left) Bucket handle tear. (Right) Flap tear (Left) Radial tear. (Right) Degenerative tear Menisci tear in different ways. Tears

ANATOMY OF THE SPINE The vertebral column in an adult is composed of 33 bony vertebrae divided into five regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. Significant flexibility is evidenced only at the level of the upper 25 vertebrae. In adult the 5 sacral vertebrae fuse together to form the sacrum, and later in adult life the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse together forming the coccyx. The lumbosacral angle is the angle formed at the junction of the long axes of the lumbar spinal

Sensation Pain is interceded by nociceptors, specialized peripheral tactile neurons that caution us to possibly harming stimuli at the skin by transducing these stimuli into electrical signals that are handed-off to higher brain centers (Basbaum et al., 2009). Nociceptors are pseudo-unipolar essential somatosensory neurons with their neuronal body situated in the DRG. They are bifurcate axons: the peripheral branch innervates the skin and the central branches synapse on second-order neurons in the

The structure of intertebral disc is complex. Nucleus pulposus has a well organized matrix which is laid down by relatively few cells. Nucleus pulposus is a gelatinous structure present in the centre and is contained in the periphery by annulus which is collagenous and cartilaginous, and two cartilaginous endplates cephalad and caudad. Collagen fibers from annulus continue and attach to the surrounding tissues, tying into the vertebral body along its rim, cartilaginous endplates superiorly and

Low back pain is one of the most common complaint seen in the hospital. The purpose of this review is to identify the recent advances in the management of low back pain. This review shows diagnostic studies, pharmacological, interventional, surgical, and non-pharmacological management of low back pain. Many patients with low back pain receive routine imaging for the spins which include lumber radiology, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). According to the American College

INTRODUCTION Spinal anesthesia is the most commonly used technique for lower abdominal and lower limb surgeries as it is very economical and easy to administerIntrathecal α2 agonist when used as adjunct potentiates the effect of local anaesthetics and allows a decrease in required doses.. Different drugs have been used as adjuvants to prolong the duration of intraoperative and postoperative analgesia adrenaline being the first drug used and latest being dexmedetomidine. These adjuvants have their

DISCUSSION Lumbar Spine Anatomy The lumbar spine refers to the lower back, where the spine curves inward toward the abdomen. It starts about five or six inches below the shoulder blades, and connects with the thoracic spine at the top and extends downward to the sacral spine. "Lumbar" is derived from the Latin word "lumbus," meaning lion, and the lumbar spine earns its name. It is built for both power and flexibility - lifting, twisting, and bending. The lumbar spine has several distinguishing

Complete rectal prolapse is a life-style altering disability that commonly affects older people. Rectal prolapse occurs when a mucosal or full-thickness layer of rectal tissue slides through the anal orifice. Full-thickness prolapse of the rectum causes significant discomfort because of the sensation of the prolapse itself, the mucus that it secretes, and because it tends to stretch the anal sphincters and cause incontinence. Surgical management is aimed at restoring physiology by correcting the