The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long term memory and spatial navigation. Significant fractions of graft-derived cells also expressed beneficial neurotrophic factors such as the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast

The hippocampus is a paired brain structure, which resembles a seahorse and is located in the ventromedial part of the temporal lobes. The granular cell layer of the hippocampus contains mitotically active neural stem cells (NSCs). The hippocampus forms new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions. Since the brain is symmetrical, the hippocampus is found in both hemispheres of the brain. When both sides of the hippocampus are damaged, the ability to create new memories can be delayed

In the brain, the hippocampus is involved in directing the process of creating, systematising and retaining memories. The hippocampus is widely connected to the dorso medial nuclei of the thalamus, mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, limbic system network for learning and continuous action for long-term storage. The hippocampus brings about the representation of spatial and temporal memories (Eichenbaum et al, 1992). The research about cognitive function of the hippocampus suggests that selective

When discussing memory the hippocampus is one of the most important aspects of the brain to consider. According to the Oxford dictionaries, the hippocampus is defined as, “the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.” This piece of the brain is one that has been extensively researched in the past, but still presents neuroscience researchers with many unanswered questions. It is now widely accepted

The hippocampus is a neural component of cognitive function as it has the α4β2 nicotinic receptor that was discovered to be involved in memory functioning (8). Owing to the fact that chronic systemic nicotine infusion fails to block the ventral hippocampal MLA-induced memory damage on the same radial-arm maze, it is known that nicotine’s positive effects on memory function is due to the hippocampal α7 nicotinic receptors (9). Nicotinic changes in the hippocampal function could produce enduring functional

This has also been noted in non-benzodiazapine sedatives that affect the same group of receptors, such as ambien (Bulach R, Myles PS, Russnak M 2004). The other cause is when a traumatic brain injury is inflicted resulting in damage to the hippocampus or adjoining cortices. Sometimes It also may be a result of shock or an emotional disorder. Although it is rare illness can also be the origin of anterograde amnesia if it causes encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue.) An example of illness

adulthood volume of the hippocampus is still unknown. 5 This small but indispensable region of our brain is located in the medial temporal lobe beneath the cortical surface.

At one point they also believed that the hippocampus was involved in declarative memory. However with time it was found that the Hippocampus did not hinder the ability to learn and get better at new skills like solving a puzzle, playing a musical instrument. This proved that the process involved in learning a task is governed by regions other than the Hippocampus in the brain (Eichenbaum, 2002). Psychologist Brenda Milner who studied HM’s case thoroughly

People suffer traumatic memory loss worldwide. Memory loss comes in many different forms and types. Amnesiac problems can be acute or one might experience a total loss of memory. The type of issues one may have depends on the type of injury or trauma one endured. It is even possible to have a global amnesia issue if a vascular disease occurred and spread rapidly. Most often amnesia is thought of to be hysterical, like often shown in movies, where as in reality hysterical amnesia is actually fairly

and the hindbrain. Telencephalon is the anterior part of the forebrain and contains the left and the right cerebral hemispheres(Freberg, 2009). The main divisions of the telencephalon are the cerebral cortex, which is made up of gray matter, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the olfactory bulb and the basal ganglia. Primary functions of each division Each division of the telencephalon has a number of functions as listed below. Cerebral Cortex This is the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres that

event, sometimes it can just be the stress of everyday life taking an overwhelming toll on the body and the mind. Trauma can change a person for the rest of their life. It can change their behavior, personality, and even the size of their hippocampus. The hippocampus, which is the center for emotion and memory, is a very important part of the brain. When most people think of trauma, they think of adults with PTSD, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. However, that is not always the case. Children, teenagers

The racetams are the original nootropics, the first family of smart drugs. Piracetam was the pioneer. It is the parent compound of all of the racetams, or in other words, all racetams are built from this compound. While it is the most researched of them, there are now newer and much more effective compounds that are derived from it. This is not the strongest compound of them all, and some would argue that when it comes to cognitive performance, there are much better options. Even though piracetam

Declarative memory (“knowing what”) is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled as declared. It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved, although it is more properly a subset of explicit memory. Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into episodic memory and semantic memory. These memory is easy to form and easily forgotten. Procedural memory (“knowing how”) is the unconscious

Memories are stored in a specific brain cells, according to the university of Queensland said that the hippocampus, the neocortex and the amygdala. Implicit memories, such as motor memories, rely on the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Short-term working memory relies most heavily on the prefrontal cortex. And according to the MIT researchers they have shown, for

too, and therefore a conclusion was made that additional processes have been taking place as well. Another strength is that there is neuropsychological evidence for this model as a patient, HM (Milner, 1966) underwent surgery which impaired his hippocampus and in turn affected his long-term memory as it no longer functioned properly, whereas his short-term memory was rather functional. Due to this we can conclude that these two processes are involved in the process of memory, as one of the stores

Survival: trying to live through a difficult circumstance where your life may be at risk. Many people try to survive every day because of a disorder of the brain called PTSD. People develop this after experiencing a traumatic experience or a near death situation . PTSD causes the person to have flashbacks of the terrifying event whenever they come across anything that looks similar to what happened at the event. This disorder decreases the volume of the brain over time causing high levels of anxiety

It is well known that as people age that various aspects of memory and sleep are altered. What is more elusive is whether these changes occur independently or whether changes in patterns of sleep influence changes in performance in memory and decision making tasks in older age. In order to attempt to elucidate this hypothesis, a brief overview of the nature of episodic memory followed by a review of some of the more recent adult sleep literature is necessary before considering how the relationship

2.1. Memory Encoding Encoding begins with perception. Encoding happens when information comes into your memory system, it has to be changed into a form that system can recognize it and then store it. Think of this as translating words from a foreign language into your native language. Most memory failures occur in the stage of encoding. We learn things every single day of our life. We are constantly relying on our learning memory system. We may have to remember how to get to the store, series of

The Limbic System The brain is a very complicated organ consisting of two halves known as hemispheres. There is a left hemisphere, which controls the right side of the body, and a right hemisphere which controls the left side of the body. Another way that the brain is classified in is lobes. There are four lobes that the brain consists of, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. Most of the action that happens in the brain that is related to sleep is in the

Memory is the practice in which information or knowledge is recorded, stored and recalled. For this processing of information or knowledge in memory, hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and mammillary bodies of the brain areas are involved. Prospective memory is defined as the type of memory which is going to be delayed to take action in the future and performed on the advent of the most suitable condition for this particular task. There are three types of prospective memory: event based, time-based