minimizing the risk and loss from floods caused by rapid snow and glacier melt and also support to feasibility study of hydropower potential. The physics of melting of snow and transformation of melt water into runoff are very important aspect of snow hydrology. The sun is the ultimate source of energy responsible for the melting of the snow pack. There is a complex contact between the incoming solar radiation, earth’s atmosphere and terrain surface. Therefore several intermediate steps in the process of
5-Hydrology: There is a close relationship between the hydrologic and economic factors governing the choice of the type of dam and appurtenant structures. Streamflow characteristicsand precipitation may appreciably affect the cost of construction by influencing the treatment and diversion of water and extending the construction time. Where large tunnels are required for diversion, conversion of the tunnels to tunnel spillwaysmay provide the most economical spillway alternative. 6- Spillway:
Student: Rajnish Singh Arnat, ID: 1315999 1) Describe the measurement of Infiltration, Evaporation and Evapotranspiration. Describe the measurement of infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration. 1.0 Infiltration Infiltration is the movement of water into a soil profile. The rate at which infiltration occurs is controlled by the inherent properties of the soil, the level of soil saturation when rainfall starts, and by the ways in which humans have modified the landscape. The measure of infiltration
ABSTRACT Water is an essential source which is required by all living organisms on earth. Hydrology is basically the study of movement, availability and quality of water. Environmental is affected due to hydrological alterations that are due to construction of dams /reservoirs, agricultural irrigation, tile drainage etc. Due to construction of dams Earth’s climate is changing and warm climate reservoirs are leading to the emission of methane gas which adds much to climate change than carbon. The
Introduction Wetlands are areas of marsh, peatlands, fen or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is standing or flowing, fresh, brackish or saline, including areas of marine water, the depth at which at low tide does not exceed six meters (Ramsar, 1971).They cover 6% of the world’s land surface (Ferrati et.al, 2005), 2% are lakes, 30% bogs, 26% fens, 20% swamps and 15% floodplains (Bergkamp & Orlando, 1999). Wetlands are composed of physical, biological
Life Sciences: Grade 12 SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF THE REDDAM HOUSE WETLAND By David Rooken-Smith SECTION A: INTRODUCTION The Aim of this research is to evaluate the wetland area at Reddam House and assess its suitability for use by Reddam Students, to assess the health of the wetland objectively - using biological and chemical indicators of health - and recommend any changes which may lead to the betterment of the space. The research was carried out (as per the Research Proposal) according
Water is essential for healthy living and is important in meeting with Agricultural, Industrial and Domestic needs in both urban and rural areas. It is a common denominator required by all classes of society. However, due to an overburden of population, unplanned urbanization and industrialization, the quality of water has gone through high levels of degradation caused by the release of contaminants, detrimental to human health, into waterways such as streams and Rivers (Kumarasamy, 2015). When pollutants
Water treatment Water, tasteless, transparent no color and occupies a large space on our planet. It is the most familiar liquid on planet earth. It takes the form of ice as solid and liquid form it covers more than 70% of the earth. It is present in various amounts in our atmosphere. About all of our living tissue are made of water, it consist about 80% of muscle tissue, and 60% of red blood cells, and more than half of other tissues. Not only for human but also for others living organisms on earth
soil’s infiltration capacity while saturation excess surface runoff is due to waterlogged on the soil where the soil no longer possess storage for any additional rainfall (Dunne & Black, 1970; Dunne, 1983). For the landscape which is prone to VSA hydrology, climatic variables used to determined the nature and extend of surface runoff (Cooper, 2010). c. Urban Runoff Urban runoff refers to any storm water and non-storm water runoff where it is a surface runoff of rainwater created by urbanization. Urban
convectional rainfall is often accompanied by thunderstorms characterized by thunder and lightning. Besides that, convectional rainfall is extensive in size and often occurring for a long duration (Ward, 2000). This can be very significant in flood hydrology which could explain on the occurrence of flood in tropical regions. There are three main characteristics of rainfall which are magnitude, frequency and intensity of rainfall. These characteristics are affected by few factors such as latitude, altitude
INTRODUCTION: Hydrologic cycle involves continuous process by which water is in processes of motion from the ground to the atmosphere and to back again. In which all the physical, chemical and biological processes involving, water as it travels its various paths in the atmosphere, over and beneath the earth 's surface and through growing plants, are of interest to those who study the hydrologic cycle. There are many pathways the water may take in its continuous cycle of falling as rainfall or snowfall
of scarcity are often identified namely, physical or environmental and structural water scarcity. Physical scarcity refers to deficits in the natural availability of water and is a function of a combination of natural attributes such as climate, hydrology, geomorphology soil and vegetation as well as human-induced physical modifications of these. On the other hand, structurally-induced water scarcity relates to the political-economy of resources allocation and the attendant institutional frameworks
1.1 Introduction Floods are natural events that have always been an integral of the geologic history of Earth. Flooding occurs along rivers, streams and lakes and coastal areas in alluvial fans, in ground failure areas, such as subsidence, in areas influence by structural measures and in areas that flood due to surface run-off and locally inadequate drainage (Ways, 2011). The damages caused by floods in terms of loss of life, property and monetary loss due to disturbance of economic activity are
been carried out in order to gain an accurate data for helping the responsible officers to produce flood modeling. The research about the application of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the context of hydrology was increased due to find out or produced models that would help to solve the hydrology problems such as flooding. The accuracy for DEM produced on the lowland area was helped the authorities to process the flood mapping because the DEM
Groundwater is an integral part of the environment, and hence cannot be looked upon in isolation. There has been a lack of adequate attention to water conservation, efficiency in water use, water re-use, groundwater recharge, and ecosystem sustainability. An uncontrolled use of the bore well technology has led to the extraction of groundwater at such a high rate that often recharge is not sufficient. The causes of low water availability in many regions are also directly linked to the reducing forest
Definition of precipitation in the hydrological cycle leads to a decline in the water from the earth's atmosphere to the ocean surface and the surface of the earth in different forms. This occurs because the atmosphere containing various kinds of gas one water vapour becomes saturated, saturated water vapour to condense or deform becomes denser and further down or fall to the earth's surface. The air in the atmosphere can be saturated in the event of cooling or by adding water vapour content in the
providing simple and accurate measures to document the drainage systems (Mesa, 2006). Morphometric analysis brings out the basic characters on the geometrical and mechanical aspects of the river basin which in turn would be helpful in understanding the hydrology, sediment characteristics and landscape evolution of basins. The morphometric analysis examines linear and areal aspects of the drainage networks (Nag and Chakraborty, 2003). The basic steps involved in morphometric analysis are defining, measuring
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING 1 Background of the Study 1 Statement of the Problem 3 Hypothesis of the Study 4 Review of Related Literature 5 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study 13 Significance of the Study 17 Scope and Delimitation 18 Definition of terms 19 2 METHOD Research Design
4.6 Impact on water availability and withdrawal pattern by Hydrographs shifting method The relative shape and trend of hydrograph of different year are useful to analyze water availability and withdrawal pattern of certain river. The early shift of the hydrographs seems to be clear in snow-fed river basins like the Kali Gandaki (Figure 4.18) and also in Bagmati rain-fed rivers originating in the midland (Figure 4.19). Figure 4.18: Shifting hydrograph in the Kali Gandaki River (1964-1995) 4.6
Stenosed River- The Coronary Artery Angina: Restoring Flow into Earth’s Arteries Dr. Sudha Sehgal, M.D. The human body and the earth’s ecological systems have many things in common and are often compared and correlated in many theories and articles. Human body consists 75% of water, similarly, water makes 75% of the Earth. Many of the earth’s sustenance systems work in the same ways as different anatomical systems that make human body function. In this article the author shows a correlation between