Tumor necrosis factor-alpha Essays

or glycoproteins secreted predominantly by leukocytes and various other cells (e.g., endothelial cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts) in the body. They composed of interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), growth factors, colony stimulating factors (CSFs), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, and chemokines. Cytokines can function in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner for stimulating or suppressing the activity of target cell populations (Fitzgerald et al., 2001). Their part is natural

that it was prevalent in early Native American populations several thousand years ago and may not have appeared in Europe until the 17th century (2). It appears to be a disease with multifactorial causes, including, cultural, genetic and environment factors (3). As an autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis occurs when an individual's own immune system attacks the synovial membrane - the soft tissue between joints (1). More specifically, B-lymphocytes, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and macrophages penetrate

Skeletal muscle injuries are a major problem faced by high-performance athletes and amateurs in different sports and often result in time lost from practice and competition [1, 2]. The impact caused by muscle injuries has led to the important search for new prevention strategies and therapeutic tools that can minimize muscle damage, enhance the repair process and optimize treatment. Muscle injury results in a rapid early response by neutrophils to remove necrotic tissue and monocyte infiltration

laboratory findings, and pulmonary function studies. The strongest risk factor for developing asthma is a genetic predisposition to immunoglobulin E-mediated response to common allergens. Damage to bronchial epithelium and airway inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis. T2 helper cells respond to allergens by stimulating B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin E producing plasma cells. T2 helper cells also stimulate growth factors for mast cells and activate eosinophils. Cytokines have a big role

Ankylosing Spondylitis DESCRIPTION Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis that affects the spine. It is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the axial skeleton, with variable involvement of peripheral joints and non-articular structures. Spondylitis often starts around the sacroiliac joints, where the sacrum (the lowest major part of the spine) joins the ilium bone of the pelvis in the lower back region. The spine 's bones (vertebrae) may grow or fuse together, resulting in a

mechanisms, as well as genetic and environmental factors in its development(11). The essential role of dental plaque as a primary etiological agent responsible for periodontal disease was established since the 1960s(12).Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, initiated by the dental biofilm. Hence it is characterized as a microbial dental biofilm-based infectious disease(13). It is recognized that bacterial adhesion to host tissues is an important factor and prerequisite for colonization of

presentence of Lewy bodies which is related to the cognitive decline. It is now thought that PD is multifactorial when looking at neural cell death. In PD, there are three major contributing factors: inflammation, dysfunctional mitochondria, and oxidative stress that affect these neuropathic findings. Each of these factors can act alone, but normally is seen as a cascading event, which is triggered by epigenetics and genetic causes mentioned above. When looking at the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the

Risk factors It has been recognized that the progression of periodontal disease, its severity, and its response to treatment varies from patient to patient. Bacteria are important for disease but insufficient by themselves to cause the disease. It is the patient’s risk factors, and the host susceptibility that determine probability to the disease. Risk factors are patient characteristics associated with the development of disease. There are a number of acquired and environmental risk factors that

can occur anywhere in the brain, but has a predilection for the territory of the middle cerebral arteries, particularly the fronto-parietal region (32). Abscesses are frequently sub-cortical or periventricular. A thorough search for a predisposing factor should be made. A cardiac cause is frequently overlooked (occult endocarditis and septal defects). In a recent case report, the authors described the rare case of a patient with an echocardiographically proven patent foramen ovale who developed a

It is affected by various factor like secretion from glands, content and amount of secretion etc., affect the drug transport through this route. This route consist only 0.1% of total skin surface. ii) Transcellular route :- Drug transport through this route passes from corneocytes

MELATONIN, IMMUNITY AND STEROIDS ABSTRACT Melatonin is the secretion of pineal gland and a broad range of physiological functions are modulated by this hormone. Available finding of research shows that it is an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory hormone. In this review, melatonin and its interactions with immune system as well as steroids have been discussed. The immune system protects the body from microorganisms present all around the environment. The anti-inflammatory nature of melatonin connects

INTRODUCTION Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) - an organic industrial solvent used in industry – is a vigorous carcinogenic agent that may create dysfunction of lung, liver, kidney and nervous system (1, 2). After being absorbed from gastrointestinal system, respiratory system and skin CCl4 is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 and exerts its toxic effects via its metabolites trichloromethyl free radical and trichloromethyl peroxyl radical (1-3). These free radicals interacts with fatty acids of lung cell

Supervised by   We certify that this thesis was prepared under our supervision at the College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University as a partial requirement for degree of Philosophy of Doctorate in medical microbiology. In view of the available recommendation, forward this thesis for debate by the examining committee. Crohn’s disease results from a complex interaction between susceptibility genes, immune system and microbes that can trigger disease pathology. This study

Materials and method 1-Experimental animals: A total number of 40 Sprague Dawley (S.D) male rats, 12-14 weeks old age and weighting 180-250 gm were used in the experimental study. Rats were obtained from Animal House of Nile Center for Experimental Researches, Mansoura , Egypt . Animals were housed in separate metal cages, fresh and clean drinking water was supplied adlibtium through specific nipple. Rats were kept at a constant environmental and nutritional condition throughout the period of