Abstract
In the 2000s, hip-hop has become not only a music genre, but also a subculture movement in the U.S society. However, hip-hop is just a “tip of the iceberg” which is called Afro-American or African-American music culture. Since the 17th Century, when the first group of African slaves arrived to the America, a new form of culture has been developed, although there were several prohibitions and non-acceptances from the white American. Since then, new genres of music originated from the African-American society have occurred, grown and become well-known, such as, blues, jazz, soul, rock-and-roll, rap, R&B... There were also a number of researches conducted to figure out whether the American culture and society affect or are affected by
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They discovered that music was also a tool to pronounce their strength and unity (Sullivan, N.D.). Therefore, despite being restraint by the European-American (through bureaucratic music industry, economic control...), they established the new ways to spread their music, such as making individual recording labels. Songs in this period of time were full of self-discrimination, because the African-American had discovered their own identity through the Civil Right movements and desired to show it to the other people, especially the European-American, who always disregarded them. According to Maultsby (N.D.), in the journal Soul Music: Its Sociological and Political Significance in American Popular Culture, during the 1960s and 1970s, music acted as a tool for African-Americans expressing their self-awareness, protest and their views towards social changes. The author of the book The power of Black music: Interpreting its history from Africa to the United States (1995) showed that Randy Weston, and Dizzy Gillespie were among the artists following this path. Weston showed his thoughts about this way of making music as the only way for development of black musicians because the artists should own everything (lyrics, rhythm, feelings...) and they should stop working for the others. In short, the black musicians tried their best to get out of the control of the European-American and express their true feelings to other people. One of the new functions of Afro-American music during that period of time was showing the thoughts of musicians not only to the black people, but to the American citizens. At the first steps, they gained some certain success. For instance, in the 1970s, the golden period of black bands, soul became much more popular than before, funk songs having intelligent and philosophical lyrics were
Decades after Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, a new set of de-facto social standards governed the lifestyle of all African Americans. Previously, some creoles were of elevated social class and were allowed to receive proper European-based classical music education. The creole’s elevated status was likened to that of the white man's, where some creoles even owned African American slaves. However, the Jim Crow segregation laws deemed all creoles to be of lower social standing, which forced classically trained musicians to create music with traditional blues musicians. The clashing of such disparate social class and music education backgrounds was likened to the meeting of white and black musicians, which Malcolm X believed that “the white musician can jam if he’s got some sheet music in front of him …
The black community at that time had to follow set rules, and had different rights than white people. Even further, the white community was divided as well, by religion and place of birth. Only "true" white Americans could create, and distribute their music into the public. Because of that, music created by oppressed groups was rebellious, calling to arms, and denying the current system of racism. Even till now, there are rebellious messages hidden in the texts.
In order for African Americans to remain present in musical affairs R&B emerged. Arnold Shaw, a songwriter, described R&B best when he said, “R&B was liberated music, which in its pristine form represented a break with white, mainstream pop. Developing from black sources , it embodied the fervor of gospel music, the throbbing vigor of boogie-woogie, the jump beat of swing, and the gutsiness and sexuality of life in the black ghetto” (qtd. in Bjorn and Gallert 170).
In this particular article, Ivan Fernandez discusses the unique connection between hip-hop and indigenous people. In the past few years, many more indigenous music artists have begun to voice out their stories of oppression and their traditions that have been suppressed for such a long time through hip-hop. This is because hip-hop is utilized as a medium for indigenous artists to take back their culture and tradition. This is connected to the historical material that we have studied because it pertains to the history and background of hip hop. Hip-hop and its culture originated in the rough neighborhoods in South Bronx.
Despite Jazz being formed out of two cultures, the issues of social stratification and racial identity never had to be addressed in early jazz history. But as Jazz grew in popularity in a prewar 1930s America, the issue of racism started to form. As Jazz prospered within the economy and as a musical style, it’s roots revealed it’s racial identity. Jazz emerged from the music used formerly to entertain slaves and was a tool of rebellion against the white man, Jazz’z roots were very much embedded in slave culture. As free slaves moved north, they brought their Jazz influence to parts of the country such as Chicago and New York.
We all know that the power of the Black community in America came from deep in their soul. Their strength and will to fight segregation , and their love can be felt in the civil rights movement. Their ability to express their minds in a non- violent way connects to the soul music that James Brown created. James Brown’s music was a mixture of R&B and gospel. Which in a way connects to what Dr. Martin Luther King was trying to do during the civil rights movement.
This kind of music was the source of inspiration for most of the black artists who also played a big role in influencing Michal Jackson and his numerous works. Soul music would be perceived as having an influence on almost every facet present in popular culture. It has its history from Back Power and Civil rights movements that were seen in the 1960s (Soul: a Historical Reconstruction of Continuity and Change in Black Popular Music, 21). Some of the popular genres include blues that are deeply embedded in the black tradition. Blues and specifically country blues has its origin or essence from socially isolated communities in the antebellum period (Soul: a Historical Reconstruction of Continuity and Change in Black Popular Music, 22).
Motown was a transformative sound that arrived just at the height of the civil rights movement. Such success coming from a black business and black artists forced the rest of America to reexamine their racial prejudices that they still clung to. It seemed that it’s founder, Berry Gordy, knew from the start that Motown was something special when he hung a sign that read “Hitsville USA” above the recording studio’s headquarters. The success was almost instant for most Motown artists with song after song becoming number one hits on major music charts. However, the success was not easy, as it took strenuous amounts of work to mold the artist’s looks and sounds into something that would popularize them among the white population.
Jazz music has spread around the world. It has drawn on national and regional musical cultures. Jazz has been the most important social factor that black musicians were able to record the blues, gospel and more. These musicians lived through inequality and many discovered their freedom in jazz. It became African Americans freedom because jazz
Many African-American musicians became members of bands founded by whites. Novels and poetry were published not only by "Crisis" which belonged to black editors but white ones. Many Americans were fond of musical and nightlife of Harlem. One of the most popular places was "The Cotton Club" where Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong performed. Harlem Renaissance revealed a lot of opportunities for African-American writers.
The block parties, graffiti art, rapping, disc jockeying and diverse forms of dancing built Hip Hop by the black youth. They expressed their feelings, thoughts, but most importantly the problems they had to face, which were related to their race, gender and social positions. The rights that were given to black people during and after the Civil Rights Movement left the following generations at a lack of how to continue the fight for black rights. Hip Hop gave them this platform and with the usage of black nationalism, Hip Hop can explore the challenges that confront American-Americans in the post-Civil Rights Movement era. In the 1990’s Hip Hop lived its prime, sub genres started to appear and famous groups, MCs led the whole community, providing a voice to a group of people trying to deliver their message.
Benny Goodman also pushed for a diverse band, being the organizer of an interracial group (Swing). In this instance, it was through this connection to music that black and white people came together. At the time that swing was popular, World War II was taking place. It seems legit that people would want to get their feeling out somehow. Swing music did just that.
These approaches paved a way for African Americans to voice their freedom, and to show that they have rights as well. Many music artists like Louis Armstrong and Billie Holiday sang blues, a famous type of music for the black community, to speak of their troubling times. These artists spoke of many casualties like the massive arrests and the mass amount of murders happening at the time. Poets such as W.E.B DuBois and Langston Hughes wrote about similar situations. They mentioned times that they went through in a way way for readers to visualize the tragic times.
In the 1920s and 1930s, a large movement of art and literature took place in the city of Harlem. Many African American authors express their thoughts and ideas through anyway possible. Whether it be music, art, or literature, its impact gave the African Americans a new place in society. One composer of music was very influential to all people. His name is Duke Ellington.
Some of the main cores of Beat Street are the music, dancing, and graffiti art works – all of which are part of hip-hop culture. Scholars note that hip-hop as a movement originated in roots from African American traditions and are mainly used to express their culture as well as identity (Blanchard 24). Rap music, for example, comes from West Africa’s “nommo.” This idea refers to the power to deliver words to act upon objects and to bring it to life. The historical and traditional underpinning of rap, therefore, becomes representative of the rich and distinctive culture of African Americans.