Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born in March of 1904 and died August of 1990. He was a psychologist, behaviorist, author, and inventor. He believed that actions equal consequences and that if the consequences were bad the action would not be repeated. If the consequences were good then the action would be repeated more frequently in the future. This is called reinforcement. At a young age Skinner would invent ways to communicate with his friend and invented a mental device to pick berries off a branch then separate the ripe ones and unripe ones. Skinner then went on to invent “Skinner’s Box’’, “Project Pigeon”, and “Baby Tender.”When he got older he attended Hamilton College which during that time was a big fraternity school. “The year before Skinner entered …show more content…
Where he invented project pigeon and the baby tender. During the year of 1936 he married Yvonne Blue and they had two daughters. In 1943 his wife convinced him to do an experiment with their baby’s crib. It was supposed to be safer than the bars that could hurt the baby. Rumors went on and Lauren Slater the author of Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychology Experiments of the Twentieth Century, said that because of Skinner’s baby crib his daughter Deborah killed herself. Which was a false rumor but lots of rumors said she went crazy even when she was very young. Deborah even wrote that she was not a lab rat for her dad and she didn’t sue him ever. http://www.skeptically.org/skinner/id6.html He went back to Harvard as a professor in 1948. He continued teaching until he retired in 1974 but even after he retired he was still inventing and researching. Until he was diagnosed with leukemia in 1989. Before he died in 1990 he was rewarded with an lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association. Ten days after receiving this award he died on August 18,
In the book “Opening Skinner’s Box”, Lauren Slater discusses many complicated ideas relating to certain experiments of recent times. In every chapter, she focuses on one specific experiment and poses many controversial thoughts. One of the chapters I found most interesting was the second chapter titled “Obscura”. In it she walks readers through the experiments of Stanley Milgram and questions the purpose, results, usefulness, and morality of the experiments. To begin, the purpose of the experiments seem to be off to me.
In 1976, John left Milwaukee for an assignment as a councilor for the 107th National Academy Session at Quantico. While John was there he graduated from the 107th Session of the National Academy. While John was a councilor he was responsible for one section of students. In 1978 he joined the Behavioral Science Unit. Where he taught applied Psychology.
“Opening Skinner’s Box” In the first chapter of her book, Lauren Slater mentioned about the strange rumor of B. F. Skinner: Skinner tried to bring up his daughter like an experimental animal in a “skinner’s box” which is known for his notable discoveries about operant conditioning for animals (7-8). Of course, this is not truth, and his experiment for his daughter was quite loving one which could even assist her growth. Then Lauren decided to apply his method of operant conditioning to her baby to make her not crying during midnight. Even though operant conditioning could help children’s growth like Skinner’s or Lauren’s cases, is it really safe enough not to give them some trauma?
Skinners experiment was based on operant conditioning, using the concept of discrimination learning, he carried out experiments on animals with the idea that their behaviour is predetermined by their environment and using a well controlled environment would allow him to in turn control their behaviours using a range of triggers. Using reinforcement and expectancy, the animal associates acting out certain behaviours with rewards. (Toates, F., 2010, pp. 165-167) After performing a number of experiments on rats using mazes, he subsequently designed the Skinner box.
The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response.
Through The Psychologist Eye In Lauren Slater’s book, “Opening Skinner’s Box,” we discover in the first three chapters the mysteries behind a few psychological experiments and the discoveries that three profound psychologists have made. Each chapter is about a different psychologist, the first is B.F. Skinner; a behaviorist who designed a process of learning in which behavior is controlled, he called this operant conditioning. Lauren Slater wanted people to know about his experiment, she read his books, talked to friends and family members to unearth the features behind this man. She found that he was a loving father, who could train animals to do unordinary things, like play the piano for an example, through the processes of operant conditioning,
Skinner was a man that had an ugly name that to college student his name would mean evil. Despite his ugly name Skinner was a psychologist. In the year of 1971 Skinner was “named the most influential
Between 1964-1965 she was a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow with the Committee on Mathematical Biology at the University of Chicago. In 1966 she took a teaching position with Loyola University at Chicago. In 1973 she began teaching Cognitive Psychology and running her own data research lab at State University
Skinners experiment was standardised and controlled it made the study more reliable because there were no influences from other factors like extraneous variables/confounding variables. This shows that researchers could have compromised ecological validity for other factors that are just as important in psychological
He worked in an advertising agency until he retired in 1945. Even though he decided to quit teaching psychology, his interest for the topic was still there. He published several works about behaviorism until his eventual death in 1958. Watson achieved
Behaviorists believe that anything to do with cognition is outside the study of psychology and they define psychology as the study of observable behavior whereas Freud placed much emphasis on mental life. Freud divided the mind into three parts the conscious, the preconscious and the unconscious. He believed that the unconscious mind contained desires, inaccessible memories and impulses that are responsible for human behavior. Skinner embraced psychology as a science by using experiments and observations to prove his theories.
Then, it was B.F. Skinner who made the concept became popular and well-known throughout the world and even pinned the name of operant conditioning to this concept That is why, he is called the Father of Operant Conditioning and his famous experiment, the Skinner Box. Operant conditioning determinants’ are reinforce, nature response and time interval between response and reinforcement. On the other hand, classical conditioning is a learning way that connects between two stimuli which produce natural response. It measures one stimulus that
F. Skinner, reduced animal behaviour to the simple set of associations between an action and its subsequent reward or punishment. This approach was considered ‘historical’ insofar that one could apply an empirical statistical analysis to predict the future as a function of the past. Here only directly observable behaviours could provide a valid basis for scientific study; in this respect the intentions behind those behaviours were difficult, if not impossible to assess, so attempts to draw conclusions one way or other, to speculate, was insupportable and therefore to be avoided. With its success, there were spillover effects for other disciplines, and became the foundation of what Robert Dahl called the “behavioural revolution” in the social sciences. Herein, the behaviourial axiom was that human behaviour is determined by environmental or cultural forces without reference to specific mental functions or
His Father was an engieneer and his mother was a house wife. He went to more than one university, which are Ohio State University, University of Chicago, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Western Behavioral Sciences Institute. During year 1935~1942, he has published two books. The first book was called the “The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child” and the second book was called “Counseling and Psychotherapy.” Both of the books were all based on his life experience.
In contrast to Redl and Wattenberg 's theories about teachers; Skinner 's theory states that behaving students will continue to demonstrate positive behavior. The misbehaving students, desiring the positive reinforcement, will begin to behave appropriately. Redl and Wattenberg 's (1959) theories have contributed significantly to classroom management. Middle school educators can take several directions from those theories. Some of which are understanding group dynamics where one 6th-grade teacher established a rule that students must raise their hands to answer a question.