Compare And Contrast Operant Conditioning And Classical Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

In classical conditioning, whether we are human beings or animals, our first learning is acquisition. Classical conditioning happens upon the appearance of 2 stimuli put together, this occurs effortlessly and unconsciously. Acquisition is the link of the unconditional stimulus and a conditioned stimulus. US, stimulus that produces a reply without previous knowledge. CS, a formerly neutral stimulus that evokes a conditioned response after being linked with the US. In order for this to function well we need contiguity and contingency. As mentioned above this process is quite effortlessly and it even happens unconsciously. Therefore, dogs can be fairly train within a reasonable amount of time to be service dogs with the help of contiguity and contingency. Just like humans, dogs need as much company as we do. Being able to have that mutual bond and being able to help their owners’ is crucial for both the dog and their owners. Learning is a permanent change within us, it develops through our personal experience. Once a method is learned, we do not have to learn that procedure again. Basically,

Operant conditioning is a type of learning process where the strength of a client’s behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. Dr. Foxx’s work with Harry is an example of operant conditioning because of the techniques he used with different levels of consequences, for example time out and physical reinforcements. With that being said Dr. Foxx used Harrys restraints as both positive and negative reinforcements. In addition, some of the examples Dr. Foxx used to work with Harrys problem behavior

Classical conditioning: Where a certain stimulus is associated with a certain response. Pavlov’s dogs is a study which very much demonstrates classical conditioning.

    Vygotsky believes language develops through private speech, and social mediation. Private speech is when one talks to themselves, and social mediation occurs through human interaction usually when someone explains something to another individual through

There are many ways we can come about in behavior. An American psychologist, B.F. Skinner, introduced the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is known as associative learning and a learning process. The theory is made up of two factors in which behavior is modified through either reinforcement and or punishment. In this case, reinforcement is referring to having an increase in behavior and regarding to punishment its defined to decrease a behavior. The reinforcement and punishment can consist of being positive and or negative. In operant conditioning, the most effective method to utilize is positive reinforcement, which is beneficial for the change of one’s behavior.

In contrast with Classical Conditioning, Skinner introduced Operant Conditioning to conduct research on shaping one’s own behaviors through two kinds of consequences: reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is the consequences that increase the chance that the behavior will occur again in the future. Two kinds of reinforcements he identified were positive reinforcement (stimulus that favors the outcome, such as praise) and negative reinforcement (the removal of unpleasant stimulus to increase recurring behavior). Punishment also plays an important role with Operant Conditioning. Punishment is the consequences that decrease the chance that the behavior will occur again. Positive Punishment is presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response

Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.

The first thing we discussed was classical conditioning. It sort of all started after Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs. John B. Watson, a psychologist, began his testing on emotional conditioning. John’s theory was that people are not born with a fear of objects. He persisted to hypothesize that we do have to learn to be surprised or frightened, it happens automatically. John organized tests to reveal that we do not have to learn to be afraid, but what objects we fear must be learned. An unconditioned stimulus is a sudden, loud noise. The unconditioned stimulus is for the unconditioned response of fear. The conditioned response of fear is known as a conditioned emotional response (CER). We then defined important words from this lesson. A stimulus generalization “is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses

Chapter three deals with procedures based in the principles of “respondent conditioning”, also known as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical conditioning is different than “operant conditioning”, in which a behavior is modified through its consequences, known as a reinforcer or punisher. These behaviors are called operant behaviors or voluntary. However, this chapter focuses on “respondent behavior”. An example of a respondent behavior includes going to the doctors and having them use the little hammer on your knee to test your reflexes. The knee jerk that happens automatically and was elicited by the little hammer is the respondent behavior. The little hammer is known as the “Unconditioned stimulus” and the knee jerk reaction is the

Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce of diminished by a punisher. Operant conditioning was first introduced when B.F. Skinner discovered, while he was studying the psychology of behaviorist movement, and the individual learns a particular behavior through interaction with the environment. There are many ways to apply operant conditioning to everyday life. In the environment, the events or stimulus that occur would result in the individual changing their behavior when the individual interacts with the environment. For example, if the individuals' person performs a specific action, they get a positive reinforcement, such as a treat. There are many ways that there would be an increase in the behavior of such a response in the future.  My operant conditioning example is when I am teaching my cousin's dog how to sit down. When my cousin was young she wanted a dog, and I would always watch her play with her dog named Spark. I would watch my cousin try to put Spark in the front of her two-seat car and try to strap him down, but Spark will always try to bite her.

Behavioral-Genetic is the study focused with the genetic and situational influences on behavior. Within this perspective you would be predominantly focused on the debate of “nature vs. nurture”.

not even know that learning is occurring. The gaining of new knowledge and or skills from experience leads to change in behavior is the logical definition of the term learning (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2015). There are three different ways to come about learning these are, Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning and Observational Conditioning. Each conditioning is unique in their own way in describes a different way of learning. Right now we’ll focus more o n Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning.

The idea behind the conditioned theory can be best explained by Pavlov’s classic experiment on dogs. Pavlov observed that a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, could evoke the same response as the natural stimulus (food). For both stimuli the response was the same: hunger and the desire to eat. This is an example of a conditioned response (Stewart-Williams et al., 2004). Conditioned responses are also present in the placebo effect. Non-active stimuli have shown to have a healing effect after consistent association with stimuli which were scientifically proven, as they become conditioned. (Voudouris et al., 1990)

Positive and negative reinforcements or rewards and punishments are used to modify or shape learner’s behaviour. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this "operating," the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer. This special stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant – that is, the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer. This is operant conditioning: "the behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms