Synthesis, molecular modeling and bio-evaluation of cycloalkyl fused 2-aminopyrimidines as antitubercular & antidiabetic agents 1. Introduction: o The target name and type: The target in this paper is the mycobacterial di-hydro folate reductase, alpha-glocosidase and glycogen phosphorylase The type of the targets is enzymes. o Diseases that associated with the target: The diseases that associated with the target are diabetes and tuberculosis. o Biological activity of the compounds: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): Susceptibility of the organisms which is isolated from the clinical specimens is determined with diffusion tests, and this test has some limitations. At the time of prolonged infection such as bacterial endocarditis or when …show more content…
When testing one organism, for example Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the dilution is prepared in agar slopes but at this time it is necessary to prepare another identical set to be inoculated with the organism which is control. To make dilution a small volume of water is used and then the dilute is added to agar that melted and then cooled to 60degrees C. If chocolate agar is required blood is added, and the medium must be heated before addition of the antibiotic. Petri dishes with 90mm diameter are convenient to be used and one ml of the desired drug dilutions is added to 19ml of the broth. Agar dilution factor must be allowed in the first calculation as follows: • The final volume of the medium in the plate equals 20ml • Top concentration of the antibiotic equals 64mgL • Drug total amount equals 1280 microgram is added to 1ml water • 2mls of 1280microgram per ml is required to start the dilution equals 2560micrograms in 2mls. • 1.28mls of 2000micrograms per ml ± 0.72ml of water. …show more content…
Use the following criteria for the preparing of arrange of dilutions in the agar: On the base of steriled petri dish,label each of the concentrations required then place 1ml of the dilutions in water each of them in the labeled dishes after preparing them with the addition of one ml watter in control plate; 19ml pipette containing melted agar is cooled and then added to each plate and mixed together adequately and this mixing is an essential matter. Plates should be dried well after setting them carefully and the lids must be tiped for 20-30 mins.at 37C in the incubator, as the plates inoculated this is done by two methods either as multiple spots of inoculator or by using a platinum or wire loop which is designed for deilevery of 0.001ml over asmall area; the culture shall be diluted in either cases and contains 105to106 organismsml and this is obtained by the addition of 5µl broth culture overnight to 5ml peptone water. Electrolyte deficient and selective media should not be used to avoid giving false results due to the variable effects in the content of the salt on many antibiotic actions. Translation of the results
First, label one micro centrifuge tube +pGLO and another –pGLO. Using a sterile transfer pipet, transfer 250µl of competent cells (E. coli + CaCl2) into each tube and place them in crushed ice. Examine the pGLO plasmid DNA solution with the UV light and note your observations. Pipet 10µl of pGLO plasmid into the +pGLO tube and mix, close and return it to the ice rack. Do NOT add plasmid DNA to the –pGLO tube.
Using two separate aseptic pipettes, 250 µl of LB broth were added to each micro test tube and mixed gently. Likewise, using two separate, aseptic pipettes for each tube, 100 µl of solution was added to the appropriate agar plate. After, using a new loop for each plate, the solution was spread gently across their surfaces. Lastly, the plates were stacked, taped together, and labelled before placing them upside down in an incubator set at 37°C
To limit the amount of errors or contamination in any procedure lab safety rules, gloves, and the aseptic technique was strictly enforced throughout the experiment. The first step to identifying the unknown bacterium was the Streak Plate Method. This method is used to isolate a pure culture from a mixed culture. Also, this method included streaking a tryptic soy agar (TSA) plate into four quadrants, and later incubating the plate for 24 hours.
The Unknown Identification Lab was an experiment that provided the opportunity to apply all the tests that were learned in the semester of lab, to identify the two bacterias that remain unknown. Gram- staining and two other tests will be used to identify the unknowns. This experiment is crucial to the understanding of each test, and can benefit in the ability to identify the characteristics of specific bacteria. Having a clearer understanding of the bacteria can further the research of bacteria for medicine, such as antibiotics. The understanding can also help the development of research in the environment.
When given an unknown bacteria there are a multitude of steps one must go through to be able to correctly identify what bacteria was given. It is important to correctly identify the bacteria because some bacteria are more harmful than others. The gram stain is the first test that should be performed because it helps narrow down the possibilities by telling one whether the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative. After this test is performed, one shall place bacteria on/in Mannitol Salt agar, MacConkey agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, Urea agar, Simmon’s Citrate, Purple Beef broth with Lactose and finally Purple Beef broth with Sucrose. A streak plate should also be made up, this helps one identify the morphology of the colonies.
A sufficient amount of this solution was poured into two petri dishes labelled “LB -pGLO” and “LB”. Into two dishes labelled “LB/amp -pGLO” and “LB/amp +pGLO”, the agar broth with ampicillin was poured in. Arabinose C sugar was then added to the broth and was poured into one dish labelled “LB/amp/ara +pGLO”(Fig. 1). They were left overnight to harden. Meanwhile, a streak plate was made (Fig.
Absorption Absorption of chlorpyrifos varies with species to species. In humans, about 70% was absorbed after oral exposure of volunteers. For the metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), the minimal dermal absorption was 1-3%. It is to be noted that chlorpyrifos (cpf) is rapidly absorbed and transported to the brain through oral dosing [66]. Distribution
Results/Discussion In the first experiment the class used chlorine 36 that was in the middle of a metal plate that was placed under Geiger counter and the starting measurement was 30 mm from the detector to the last reading was 84 mm. As the plate containing chlorine 36 was moving away from the Geiger tube the amount of counts were decreasing until the fourth measurement at semi 3 mm was 2476.5 average clicks. The fourth set must been the right distance away from Geiger counter to pick up on gamma radiation of the chlorine 36 however, the radiation is being admitted could've been beta for the radiation this is unlikely because the mass of the nucleus did not change. After this experiment was ran calculations for the log D which is log distance
Cyclohexanes give off an extremely high, unfavorable energy due to the spatial orientation of the atoms. Since these atoms are proximally close steric hindrance is observed. When comparing planar cyclohexanes with a chair conformation of a cyclohexane it is important to note how severe the angle strain, torsional strain, and steric strain could be. In planar cyclohexanes the torsional strain and angle strain is quite severe; this is because all C-C bonds are eclipsed (torsional) and all of the internal bond angles deviate from 109° to 120° (angle). Although, the chair conformation of cyclohexane shows no angle strain (all bond angles are 109°), no torsional strain (all C-C bonds are staggered), and minimal steric strain (due to the absence
2.4 Total Suspended Solids Reagents: Gooch Crucible (G3), Filteration Flank, Rotary Vacuum Pump, Asbestos Powder. Procedure Prepare gooch crucible with G3 sintered disc by forming a layer of asbestos on it. For this, prepare asbestos solution by dissolving asbestos powder in distilled – water and mixing it thoroughly and then allowing asbestos to settle down Then take the supernatant and pour into gooch crucible and apply vacuum on the other side through filtration flask, a layer of asbestos will be formed on the sintered disc. Dry the gooch crucible in an oven at 105 °C and then cool it in a desiccator and weigh it (W1).
The sterile cotton swab was inserted in the S. epidermidis culture and twirled around to obtain a specimen. The entire plate was inoculate with the swab from top to bottom, to achieve a lawn of growth. The dry forceps was used to remove the antibiotic disk into the appropriate spot on the plate. This process was repeated for the all antibiotics with aseptic technique being used. The plate was incubate with lid up on the bookshelf at room temperature for 48 hours.
Background Information: All cells are covered by cellular membranes. They are selective barriers which permit the selective passage of water, ions and other molecules between the cell and the outside solution. When two solutions having different concentrations of ions and molecules are separated by a semipermeable membrane, there will be some exchange between them. This will happen because they tend to equilibrate the concentrations and the osmotic pressure of the solutions, in order to be the same for both of them.
for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the active extract. The sStarting solutions of the tested extract were obtained by dissolving it in 5% dimethyl-sulphoxide. STwo fold serial dilutions twofold dilutions of the extract were made within a concentration range from 0.04 to 40 mg/mL in sterile 96-well plates containing Mueller–Hinton broth for bacterial cultures and a Sabouraud Dextrose SD broth for fungal cultures. Resazurin solution was added as an indicator to each well. and finally, to each well fungal or bacterial suspension was added .
Docking studies of Nitroimidazo-oxazine with Pyridoxine 5'-Phosphate Oxidase M Sathish kumar1 , UCA Jaleel2 CSIR OSDD Research Unit , Bangalore Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be one of the world’s most debilitating and deadly pathogens. PA-824 is a nitroimidazole that has demonstrated bactericidal and sterilizing activity against drug-resistant and non drug-resistant tuberculosis. PA-824 is activated by either a bacterial enzyme or a cofactor, which is a compound that binds to a protein.
Efficacy of topical cyclosporine 0.05% eye drops in the treatment of dry eyes Haitham Y. Al-Nashar J Egypt Ophthalmol Soc 108:233?236 Purpose: The aim of the present study was to detect the effectiveness of cyclosporine 0.05% eyedrops for treatment of patients with dry-eye disease. Patients and methods: A total of 35 eyes of 20 dry-eye patients were included in the present study.