Essay Unit 40 Cholesterol

Without the production of bile, humans are unable to digest foods, mainly fats. If this occurs, the undigested fat will get into the bloodstream causing the arteries to be blocked, which can lead to heart attacks. Finally, cholesterol are one of the main components that make up the structure of the cells in the human body. Its role is to provide a protective barrier. Also, cholesterol needs to be kept at certain quantities, thus if an alteration in the quantity of cholesterol occurs, the cells become affected, which can impact the ability for humans to metabolize and produce

(2 pts) Cholesterol provides a barrier of protection for the cells in our body. The second function of cholesterol is that it helps with digestion by creating bile that comes from the liver to help digest the food we eat. 4. What are lipoproteins made of? (2 pts) Lipoproteins are made of triglycerides and cholesterol on the inside and phospholipids on the

The anti-aging effects of this carotenoid is attributed to the presence of antioxidants in it. Astaxanthin fights signs of skin aging like, wrinkles, reduced elasticity, dark spots and fine lines and further prevents deterioration of the skin. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory compounds causes signs of premature skin aging. Astaxanthin supplements inhibit inflammation-mediated skin deterioration and prevents accumulation of age-related oxidative stress. It further restores skin moisture, which is otherwise lost due to free radical attack and premature skin aging.

Atorvastatin is an example of a statin medication. The role of a statin is to inhibit HMG-coA reductase, a rate-limiting enzyme in endogenous cholesterol synthesis. The characteristics of statins include large hydrophobic groups which bind tightly and alter the conformation of the HMG-coA reductase enzyme. HMG-coA reductase catalyzes HMG-coA to mevalonate, which goes through a multi-step process that ultimately leads to cholesterol as a product. Also, statins are very effective because they bind tightly to the enzyme compared to the substrate to block the pathway of cholesterol synthesis.

As Angiotensin I flows through the renal and pulmonary circulations, a second enzyme called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) cleaves Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts in three ways to conserve ECF volume. First, AT-II is a powerful vasoconstrictor. AT-II constricts the renal arteries and arterioles in order to increase perfusion pressure in the renal cortex where most glomeruli are located. Second, AT-II crosses into 2 areas of brain lacking the blood-brain barrier (the SFO- Subfornical Organ and OVLT – Vascular Organ of the Lamina Terminalis) to trigger the sensation of thirst.

will be reabsorbed into the body, but other wastes such as caffeine will pass through when it reaches the tubular secretion step. The urine from this drink will be very concentrated so it will probably be more acidic and have a lower pH level. With a lot solutes in the urine the surface will probably be very dense with the urinometer, which will cause it to float more and read a lower number. The release of ANP will help get rid of the surplus of solutes and caffeine, this means that the flow rate volume for coke will probably be a high

If an equal supply of oxygen is not spread throughout the body to vital organs and tissues, brain damage, organ failure and death can ensue. Hemoglobin the iron-containing respiratory protein in red blood cells, is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the remainder of the torso. Hemoglobin levels indicate the blood 's ability to transport oxygen and iron. Too little iron interferes with vital functions and lead to morbidity and fatality rate. Normal haemoglobin levels differ between males and females.

This formulation is equipotent to Diprivan but is associated with a higher incidence of pain on injection.24 An alternative to emulsion formulations of propofol and associated side effects (pain on injection, risk of infection, hypertriglyceridemia, pulmonary embolism) is creation of a prodrug (Aqauvan) by cleaving groups to the parent compound that increase its water solubility (phosphate monoesters, hemisuccinates). Propofol is liberated after hydrolysis by endothelial cell surface alkaline phosphatases. In this regard, injection of the water-soluble prodrug results in propofol and dose dependent sedative effects. Compared with propofol, this prodrug has a larger volume of distribution and higher potency.24 A nonlipid formulation of propofol uses cyclodextrins as a solublilizing agent. Cyclodextrins are ring sugar molecules that form guest (propofol)-host complexes migrating between the hydrophilic center of the cyclodextrin molecule and the water-soluble phase.

Under natural conditions, this behaviour might reduce diffusion of large macromolecules & hinder cellular activities, yet it does not. Searching for an explanation, they found that metabolic activity suppresses this glassy behaviour by fluidizing the cytoplasm (Figure 6). Implication of this finding suggests that the surrounding environmental conditions can dramatically alter cytoplasmic properties. They note that the glassy behaviour is exhibited much more in bacterial cytoplasm than in eukaryotic cytoplasm, owing to it being more crowded. In conclusion, their study hints that “metabolism-induced fluidization may help the cell to achieve the delicate balance of attaining extremely high concentrations of biomolecules (to increase metabolism and cell proliferation) without severely compromising macromolecular motion” (Parry

Obesogens are endocrine disruptors that play a crucial role in altering lipid homeostasis and fat storage. They promote obesity by changing metabolic rate, disrupting energy balance, or modifying the regulation of appetite and satiety. Obesogens interfere with signal pathway of hormones to cells. They disrupt chemical message of hormones by turning on/off or modifying signals. The endocrine system is composed of glands that regulate hormones which control mood and energy levels.