Cows are social animal that lives in groups under natural and semi-natural conditions (Chua, B. et al 2002). In the dairy industry the dairy cows are kept in group housing. However on many commercial farms in the veal and the dairy industry, the calves are separated from the mother soon after birth and housed in individual pens. Since 2004 group housing for calves older than 8 weeks is compulsory in European union (Directive no. 97/2/EC). And also The American Veal Association (2007) request all
Pollution is an issue humanity as a whole is facing not only is the ocean being affected by this, but we are as well. As the ocean is continuously being polluted so is the land it surrounds. Thus causing more migration of the trash, as well as more fish feeding on it which is killing ff one of our food sources and making it dangerous to eat certain species of fish. Flash forward to 2017 at the same beach. The sand is no longer rocks and sticks and shells; it
Food Security is becoming more of a global problem with every passing year. Not only is the world’s population growing at such an alarming rate, but the changing climate is also a contributing factor which is making the growth and edibility of food items more difficult and harder to sustain in order to sell on or to eat. It is inevitable that food scarcity will soon become a global pandemic; as many more universities are teaching their students about the impact that food insecurity is having on the
maize, sorghum and peanut, temperature extremes are reported to predispose to aflatoxin contamination rendering food unsafe and therefore discarded (HPLE 2014). Also, in these grain crops, over maturity and delayed harvesting are reported to be major factors contributing to aflatoxin contamination (Farag, 2008; Lewis et al., 2005). In some developing countries, farmers habitually leave cereals in the field upon maturity to dry because they lack facilities for drying. When the harvest season however coincides
unfavorable soil pH value. Plants growing in soil are also frequent competitors for the essential in the soil solution. On the contrary, a hydroponics grower has the freedom to regulate the composition of nutrient solution and the frequency of the feeding of nutrient. This gives the hydroponics grower a considerable degree of control over the plant growth. 3. Water saving: With Hydroponics it requires 70 to 80% less water and it is one big save as the world is running out of fresh water and in few
DISCUSSION Physico-chemical factors affecting the aquatic environment A. Temperature Knud-Hansen (2006) stated that the temperature of pond water varies depending on the pond’s gains and losses of thermal energy. Solar radiation gets directly absorbed by the water and by other suspended materials in the water column, and this energy tends to deeply penetrate clearer waters than waters with high concentrations of suspended particles. In the case of the latter, only water at the surface exhibits
the most threatening events as it affects all life forms including the aquatic ecosystem. One of the most dangerous type of radiation that affects the aquatic life is ultraviolet radiation as the main effect of it is the death of marine plants and animals. That is not the only source of radiation pollution but there are also other kinds of radiation pollution like radioactive materials pollution. Radiation pollution has very serious effects on marine life and general introduction requires to note that
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991 ).They use the approachs from animal behaviour, how people communicate, how infants process information, how people change over their life , and the unconscious mind. Attachment is “not synonymous with love or affection; it is not an overall descriptor of the relationship between the parent and child which includes other parent–child interactions such as feeding, stimulation, play or problem solving” (Prior, 2006, pg 15) Attachment theory is
nematode species. The crop loss is defined as the difference between the attainable yield and the actual yield (Chiarappa, 1971). However, it is difficult to determine the attainable yield because it depends on many cultural, environmental and pest factors. Crop losses may be quantitative and/or qualitative. Quantifying losses result from reduced productivity, leading to a poor yield per unit area. Qualitative losses from pests may result from the reduced content of valuable ingredients, reduced market
sensitive to stress and the stress hormone glucocorticoids (GCs) (Bruce et al 2000; Parker et al, 2011). Animal models are widely used to understand the impact of stress on the brain and cognition and its relationship with psychiatric disorders. Exposure to stress induces structural and functional remodeling of neuronal networks (Lupien et al, 2009; Vialou et al, 2013). The types of stressor used in animal are food and water deprivation, cold water swimming stress, noise stress, tail pinching, heat stress