In order for organisms to carry on life, energy must be provided. The food taken into the body must be broken down into smaller pieces before it can be used as a source of energy by the organism. This process of breaking down food is called digestion and there are many enzymes used in order for digestion to occur.
Enzymes are catalysts, which means that they can start and speed up a chemical reaction. Without enzymes in our body, it would take a longer period of time for digestion to occur. Enzymes bind themselves to substrates, thus lowering the activation energy of the chemical reaction they are catalyzing. This will increase the reaction speed making digestion to occur faster.
Pepsin is an enzyme found in the gastric juice in the stomach. It is produced by the gastric cells and it is formed when pepsinogen is released. When hydrochloric acid is presented, pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) will be converted into pepsin (active enzyme), which the functions is to catalyze reactions with protein.
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Pepsin will digest polypeptides in the stomach turning it into dipeptides and amino acids. Water is required for hydrolysis to occur, which is the breaking down of the peptide bonds joining amino acids together.
Pepsin works best between pH levels 1 to 3, as this would be the normal acidity range of the gastric juice. Changing the pH level can also change the shape of the proteins being digested, and this process is called denaturing. For this experiment 8% pepsin solution was used as the average of the secretion of pepsin in the gastric juice per meal is about 8% to 18%. For this task is will be investigated the effect of different pH levels on pepsin activity using the protein egg
Enzymes are proteins that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take place within cells. Some enzymes help to break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates.
purpose the propose of this experiment was too see if the chemical reaction of a enzyme can be made faster. Hypothesis I think that a warm environment would be best to make an enzyme’s reaction faster. because a protein can move faster in heat.
The digestive system is responsible for chemically and mechanically breaking down food and includes organs such as, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, and additional accessory organs. These organs all aid in the breakdown of food. Food is broken down mechanically by chewing and churning in the stomach, and chemically by acidic enzymes in the stomach and in the small intestine which receives enzymes from the pancreas that are specifically designed for the breakdown of nutrients. Once the food and nutrients are broken down, the excretory system removes whatever the body decides is waste by filtering blood in the nephrons of the kidneys and turning it into urine which is then collected in the bladder and removed from the body when the bladder is
Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.
Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed. Enzymes are globular proteins that contain an active site. A specific substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme chemically and structurally (4). Enzymes also increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy for that reaction which is the minimum energy required for the reaction to take place (3). Multiple factors affect the activity of an enzyme (1).
By slowly proceeding through all these steps one by one, foods are eventually been broken down into small and simple particles of nutrients which absorbed by human body and the waste (which cannot be absorbed) to be eliminated (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1). Firstly, the human digestive process begins with ingestion. Ingestion involves the intake of food into the mouth where the food is chewed into smaller pieces and mixed with saliva. Saliva is a liquid that contains enzymes such as lysozyme (which kills bacteria) and salivary amylase (beginner of digestion in starch).
There is also strong acid released by the glands in the lining of the stomach which helps break down food into a more useable form and also aids in the destruction of most ingested bacteria. After the contents have successfully been broken down they are released into the small intestine. The small intestine is a 22 foot long tube that helps to break down the food with enzymes released from the pancreas and bile released form the liver. In this organ the process of Peristalsis is at work, pushing the food further and further through the small intestine towards the colon. These movements are stimulated by the presence of chyme.
In the human body, one of the essential systems is the digestive system, which breaks down the foods what we eat into nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and fats. The bloodstream would be absorbed by them. Therefore, it provides the body with energy, repair and growth. Also, the three types of processes that food passes through in the human body are digestion, absorption and elimination. The digestive system prepares the body cells for nutrients through six activities: Ingestion, Mechanical digestion, Propulsion, Chemical digestion, Absorption and Defecation.
Excessive salt concentration will affect the hydrogen bond in the active site of enzyme. The enzyme will be denatured that the substrates cannot bind the the active site . Errors: There may be some errors in this experiment , the amount of amylase in the saliva may not be enough to breakdown the starch. Therefore, there may be difference between the text result and expected result. Conclusion:
Once in the pharynx, the bolus next passes down the esophagus When the food enters the stomach, it is mixed with the digestive juices. The stomach produc-es stomach acid; hydrochloric acid, and pepsin. Stomach acid activates the pepsin that digests
An enzyme is a biomolecule that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions (1). Enzymes are commonly used in many products and medications. Enzymes function by flexibly binding to active sites in substrates (reactants). This binding is weak non-covalent interactions.
They can only quicken reactions that will eventually occur, but this enables the cell to have a productive metabolism, routing chemicals through metabolic pathways. Enzymes are very specific for the reactions they catalyze; they make sure the chemical processes go in the cell at any given time. Peroxidase was the enzyme being testing in this experiment. A peroxidase is an enzyme that acts as catalysts, which occurs in biological systems. Peroxidase is found in plants, which they play a role in helping to minimize damage caused by stress factors or insect pests.
This happens because enzymes lower the activation energy, as they provide an alternative reaction pathway. The decrease in the energy level aids in making the process happen faster (Jae In Lee, 2011) A catalase is an enzyme, which is found in all living organisms. This enzyme helps to convert hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Chemical actions that happen within the cell produces hydrogen peroxide, which is poisonous and therefore can kill the organism.
This breaks the carbohydrates into their simpler subunits (saccharide forms). In the stomach, the carbohydrates are converted into chyme with the peristaltic action of the stomach. Next, the chyme will pass into the duodenum. At the introduction to the duodenum, alpha amylase is secreted by the pancreas and further breaks down the carbohydrates into primary simple sugars. Then they are transported and absorbed by the small intestine via the villi on the epithelial lining of the lumen of the small intestine.
The mixing action within the stomach further breaks down the the bolus, and mixes it with stomach secretions – mainly gastric juices to form chyme (Stomach). These gastric juices contain mucus, hydrocholoric acid to kill bacteria, pepsinogen and other digestive enzymes that chemically digest the bolus (Human Digestive System). Enzymes are catalysts in a digestive reaction, they break down the food into less complex parts, and prepare it for absorbtion in the intestine (Human Digestive System) Because of the fact that our stomach lining is covered by mucus, our stomach is protected from the corrosive nature of acidic substances (Stomach) Part 4 – The