How Does Hydrochloric Acid Affect The Rate Of Digestion

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Glycogen is then stored in the liver, lowering the blood glucose levels. This results in the blood glucose levels to peak (2) and then fall (3) as the insulin feedback mechanisms work to restore the blood glucose levels to the fasting blood glucose level

Chymotrypsin is produced in the small intestine and is released when there is a sizable amount of amino acids, fatty acids in the small intestine, and it stimulates secretion of the pancreatic enzymes and releases bile by gallbladder while allows for the fats to have an increased surface area. This makes it much easier for the the proteins to be absorbed into the bloodstream. The gastric inhibitory peptide secreted when fatty acids and sugars are present in the small intestine and the presences of this peptide inhibitor is that it stops stomach movements and release of stomach acid. The last of these three is gastrin which is produced in the stomach opposed to the intestines, and is released when there is an influx of peptides and amino acids. The hormone stimulates acid secretion by the cells in the stomach which allows it to kill bacteria and break down

Amylase increases the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to hydrolyse the starch molecules. These enzymes have a secondary and tertiary structure and this could be affected by increases and decreases in temperature beyond the optimum temperature of the enzyme to work in. Mostly enzymes are highly affected any changes in temperature beyond the enzymes optimum. There are too

Glucagon increases blood glucose and Insulin decreases blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are too low, Glucagon sends a message for the glycogen to be broken down into glucose to be released into the blood.

Throughout the urea cycle, the amino acid, arginine, is changes into ornithine- this is another amino acid when hydrated, that is when water was added. During this reaction, urea is the product formed (Nelson and Cox 2008). Figure 1 shows the urea cycle, occurs specifically in the mitochondria and cytosol in the liver. (Nelson and M.Cox 2008). Urea is made in the liver by means of enzymes in the urea cycle.

Malate dehydrogenase: Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate by using NAD+ and vice versa and this is a reversible reaction. Malate dehydrogenase is not to be confused with malic enzyme, both are different enzymes malic enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of malate to pyruvate and producing NADPH. Malate dehydrogenase is also involved in gluconeogenesis, in which the synthesis of glucose from smaller molecules. Pyruvate in the mitochondria is based upon pyruvate carboxylase to form oxaloacetate, a citric acid cycle intermediate. The malate dehydrogenase reduces it to malate, and it then traverses the inner mitochondrial membrane to get the oxaloacetate out

will be reabsorbed into the body, but other wastes such as caffeine will pass through when it reaches the tubular secretion step. The urine from this drink will be very concentrated so it will probably be more acidic and have a lower pH level. With a lot solutes in the urine the surface will probably be very dense with the urinometer, which will cause it to float more and read a lower number. The release of ANP will help get rid of the surplus of solutes and caffeine, this means that the flow rate volume for coke will probably be a high

This hormone is produced in the stomach. Gastric Sleeve operation removes the section of the stomach in which Ghrelin is produced. The non production of this hunger relating hormone results in preventing an increase in appetite. Thus sleeve surgery works in two ways to become an effective weight loss surgery. One by reducing the stomach size to accommodate excess food & secondly reducing the hormones that create craving for food.

Antacids are taken in order to neutralize the acids in your stomach to prevent heartburn. Looking at the results, one can see that the key component of antacid composition, NaHCO3, increases the pH of the blood because it forms a base and a weak acid that won’t affect the pH. In turn, taking a few antacids are fine because the body will counteract the mechanism by decreasing the pH of the blood, but if one takes too many antacids, the body won’t handle the change and will then allow the pH of the blood to increase, causing alkalosis. The use of an IV injection of lactated ringers is a definite cause of alkalosis because the injections counteract acidosis caused by renal failure as well as an increase of acids in the body. When looking at the results, one can see that an increase in the acidic salt, NH4Cl, increases the pH so in theory, the lactated ringer injections need to counteract this.