Nicotine Affects The Function Of The Brain

The nervous system is the body's decision and communication center. The central nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are made of nerves. The brain is made of three main parts which are the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum.

Your brain and your spinal cord are apart of this and that also happens to be the definition of the system. With your brain, there are three sections of it. You have the hindbrain which is the part of the brain that contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum and it is responsible for keeping our body operating. The next section is the midbrain and it is the connection between the hindbrain and forebrain. It is the center for the eyes and ears and reticular formation is the main key here.

The body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. The human body is an organism, which based on the levels of organization, means it is made up of organ systems. These organ systems include the: skeletal, muscular, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, nervous, and the excretory systems. Each of these systems has an important function that helps keep the organism alive and each system interacts with several (if not all) of the other systems. For example, the circulatory system has the function of providing the body with blood.

The input nuclei receives signals and the output signal sends the signals to the part of the brain that processses the signals. They are responsible for voluntary movement and cognitive functions. In addition, the basal ganglia are associated with processing emotions. The basal ganglia ensure that involuntary movements are avoided and enable voluntary movements. Through these, the motor cortex is able process information concerned with

The diencephalon, alongside the cerebrum make up the two major divisions of the forebrain. The main structures of the diencephalon include the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus (including the pineal gland), and also the subthalamus. Moreover, located within the diencephalon is found the third ventricle, which is one of the four brain ventricles or cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The function of the diencephalon is to relay sensory information between brain regions and control many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, it connects structures of the endocrine system with the nervous system and works in together with limbic system structures so as to generate and manage emotions and memories.

The sympathetic nervous system can respond to stressful situations such as fear, cold, exercise, trauma, and hypoglycemia. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system works by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure by activating the energy that is otherwise stored in the body. The sympathetic division is also known by another popular name which is the fight or flight mode (sympathy-adrenal response) and the reason why they named it this is because when the body experiences stressful situation it triggers sympathetic activation in the adrenal medulla which causes it to release epinephrine and lesser amounts of norepinephrine. These hormones that are released make their way directly into the bloodstream and promote the response that affects the target organ. The sympathetic nervous system acts as an entire unit meaning that it will discharge as a whole

b Through the palmar section of the carpal tunnel. Figure.5. a–d Normal carpal anatomy in sagittal MPR images. a Through the scaphoid and the caphotrapeziotrapezoid joints. b Through the lunate.

Besides the larynx the trachea is also part of the system. The trachea is branch like tubes that carry oxygen to each individual body cell. It also transmit air from the larynx to the bronchioles. Added to trachea

1.Spinal cord - is a long, and tubular shaped structure that contains nervous tissue and cells located at the end of the brainstem and continues down to the bottom of the vertebral column. It used to connect the peripheral nervous system and the brain. It acts as sensory system and transmitted message to the brain. 2.Conus medullaris - is a tapered structure that located in the most distal part of the spinal cord and end with filum terminale. 3.Cauda equina - It makes of spinal nerves and spinal nerve root that located near the first lumbar vertebra of spinal cord.

Morphine and other opiate drugs relieve pain by binding to the opiate receptors on the surface of the nerve cell, which is an essential component of the central nervous system. This stimulates a series of chemical reactions within the cell that inhibits the cell 's ability to continually provide signals across the body. Therefore, morphine can block the sensations of pain through the process of silencing the nerves responsible for sending the pain impulses. However, large overdoes of this drug can permanently damage these cells across the body. The excessive use can cause asphyxia and death if the individual does not receive proper treatment immediately[7] because opiates are essentially artificial endorphins in the brain, which reduces one