TQ 1: The Mammalian Nervous System

The action potential is the signal that travels down the axon when a neuron is transmitting information. To understand the action potential, which is essentially the flow of ions in and out of the neuron that differ from the normal flow, one must understand the relation of ions, especially sodium and potassium, with the neuron. Neurons are covered by membranes that regulate the inflow and outflow of chemicals, and certain chemicals, like sodium and potassium can only flow in and out via channels along the membrane. At rest, the membrane maintains a certain polarization between the inside and outside of the neuron, with the inside being a little more negatively charged than the outside, at a resting membrane potential of -70 mV. When a neuron

Bio bases 1. Exam 2. Essay questions. 1. Explain two differences between primary sensory cortex and association cortex

The brain is vital for survival, it generates everything we feel and do. The brain processes information from the outside world such as the smell of food and from inside the body such as the feeling of hunger. Using all this information, the brain makes an appropriate response driving behaviors that help us survive, for example, eating when we are hungry. When an activity that warrants a reward is done, a chain reaction in the reward system begins. Signals are sent from the ventral tegmental area to the ventral striatum (VS).

This slows down the sodium into the cells and cuses a longer depolarization time

The primary responsibility of our nervous system is to organize and control the activities of our body. This central control system manages all of the systems of our body, allowing them to work together. Our nervous system coordinates muscles to perform actions sometimes with and sometimes without us thinking about it (i.e. blinking, breathing, etc.). The central nervous system uses its senses to gather information from its surroundings and interpret it. This information is passed on to the muscles and organs of the body, allowing them to react accordingly.

Single channel conductance () and reversal potential (Vr) were respectively of 100 pS and of 0 mV for outward currents and of 30 pS and of 0 mV for outward currents. Furthermore, the channel activity (NPo) was voltage-dependent, with high open probability at negative potentials and a a voltage-dependent inactivation at positive potentials (Figure XC). These channel properties are in good agreement with previously published data (Nilius…). A second set of experiment was devoted to chacterize the channel biophysical properties in the absence of divalent ions in the pipette, with the purpose to attenuate calcium-dependent inactivation (Citazione), a prerequisite for long duration experiments. Figure XD shows a record of 30 s long of the patch currents from an oxaliplatin treated neuron in the presence of 1 M of icilin at Vm= 40 mV (upper trace) in which at least three channels were active.

But what is "brain"? Brain is an organ of the body in the head that controls functions, movements, sensations, and thoughts. Yep, brains are absolutely like remote controls! It has 3 anatomical divisions: Forebrain that contains the cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus, Midbrain, which is a part of the brainstem and Hindbrain that contains the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum.

The body has two main division of the nervous system. Ther two main divisions are the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nervous systems have different functions. In the central nervous system, the brain carries out most of the “computing” in the nervous system. It then communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system carries information between the CNS and the rest of the body. The PNS also contains two subdivisions. These two subdivisions are the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The two subdivisions have different functions, but their functions work together. The

The brain is the control centre for the nervous system The nervous system is split into two; -central nervous system; *brain *spinal cord -peripheral nervous system; *sensory division- informs the central nervous system of outer changes *somatic division- sends instructions of movement to different muscles *autonomic division- controls the running of inner organs -autonomic nervous system -somatic nervous system

First, each student will hold a neuron. Everyone will form a circle, while holding their neurons. The neurons should be almost touching each other, only leaving a small space between. The dendrites will be on the right while the terminal buttons are held to the left side.

The Nervous System is a network of nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body. The major organs that deal with the Nervous System are the brain, spinal cord, and the sensory organs including the eyes, ears, skin, nose and tongue and all the nerves that are connected. This system is responsible for the control of the body and the communication among the parts. The brain and the spinal cord make up the control center know as the Central Nervous System or CNS for short. This is where the information the body gets is evaluated and this is also where the decisions are made.

The diencephalon, alongside the cerebrum make up the two major divisions of the forebrain. The main structures of the diencephalon include the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus (including the pineal gland), and also the subthalamus. Moreover, located within the diencephalon is found the third ventricle, which is one of the four brain ventricles or cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

1. Cerebral Hemisphere a. The cerebrum is broken up into two hemispheres. Each hemisphere is divided into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes (Starkey, Brown, & Ryan, 2011). 2.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that pass the signals to other neurons in the body. Many neurons combine to form the spinal and cranial nerves. There are two main types of neurons: the sensory and the motor neurons. The sensory neurons carry information from the body, to the spinal cord and then to the brain. These neurons carry information that relates to the five senses (touch, pain, taste, etc.).

The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, medulla, and pons, and connects the brain to the spinal cord. The cerebellum, the large part of the hindbrain, is located at the far back of the brain, at the lowest point. The cerebellum assists in motor skills, including balance, voluntary movements, and adjustments in our posture to keep our balance. Another part of the hindbrain, the medulla, controls some of our involuntary movements, such as breathing and heart rate. The last main area of the hindbrain is the pons.