Social Cognitive Theory Of Cigarette Smoking

The components of addiction, mood modification, salience, tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive use, and relapse, helps us to understand the path of a typical addict or drug user, and also that addicts can be in any stage of these components at any point in the recovery process. Comprehending the stigmatizations of addicts and drug users enables one to understand the implications of negative attitudes and behaviors towards recovering persons. Lastly, reviewing the debate of choice and compulsion, while intertwined, provides a complex understanding of the potential decision-making and both voluntary/involuntary behavior patterns that addicts and drug users

The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a popular theory applied to health education and health promotion (52). The underlying assumption of the original HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease/disorder and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (53). This Model of explaining human behavior attempts to explain the determinants and factors that influence an individual’s decisions

I have chosen public health as my major because it is a dynamic field. I have a passion for making a difference in people’s lives and helping others achieve their goals. It is with great passion that I am dedicated and willing to contribute my service or skills to help someone in need. My philosophy of health education is very simple, to prevent, improve and educate the lives of individuals, families, communities, populations, and societies. Besides, there is no safer way to touch people’s lives than through public health.

Cigarette Smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United states. One out of every five deaths fault to cigarette smoking. Did you know fifteen out of every 100 adults smoke cigarettes? The advertisement I chose is a bullet on top and a cigarette on the bottom. The bullet quotes the word quick and the cigarette says slow. Anti-smoking advertisement show the harmful and negative effects of tobacco. This anto smoking advertisement uses the three rhetoric appeals logos, ethos, and pathos by catching your attenting leaving us to wonder what exactly a bullet and a cigarette has in common.

A cigarette is made up of seven thousand chemicals but one of the worst because it is addictive is nicotine. Once the nicotine is breathed in it is absorbed into the bloodstream and within twenty eight seconds it goes into the brain. There are major problems with nicotine entering into the body. First of all not only does the nicotine enter into the brain, but once it is in there it attaches to a neurotransmitter called acetylene and mimics what it is supposed to do, which is control muscle movement, breathing, and the heart rate. However what makes nicotine addictive is when it released to parts of the brain that produce pleasure. Scientists have recently discovered that nicotine raises the level of a neurotransmitter called dopamine, which is a part of the brain that produces pleasure. Another problem with nicotine getting inside the body is the fact that is actually a chemical and it is used as a bug repellent or eliminator.

Gowing, L. R., Ali, R. L., Allsop, S., Marsden, J., Turf, E. E., West, R., and Witton, J. (2015), Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report. Addiction, 110, 904–919.

V. SUMMARY OF THE ARTICLE. Dr. Francesca Filbey’s article highlights the brain and how it is biologically wired in adults and juveniles with addictions, whether it is alcohol or drugs. Filbey (2013) discusses how a person is vulnerable (family history) or biologically (brain impulses) prone to addiction, as well as what kind of treatments can be done to help those that suffer from addiction. She analyzes different studies relating to each area and how effective they were. For those who are vulnerable to addiction, interviews were done with people who had a family history and those who didn’t have a family history. Interviews were also done with patients who were regular drinkers (those who drank every once in a while) as opposed to patients

Addiction does not discriminate on age, gender, or social status, but there are well-known risk factors that researchers have pinpointed to attempt to explain addiction. Nicotine addiction and dependency has many factors that play into why and how someone is addicted. Addiction to any substance is similar in a way affects your brain chemistry, as well as behaviorally. Socialization factors at a young age, familial genetics, and environmental influences work together to set the addiction cycle for many. The majority of the non-smoking public always speculate about why people who smoke continue, even after warning and extensive research finds smoking will cause cancer or disease. Nicotine, as a chemical, yields psychological and physical effects

The health belief model is a theory that focuses on individual perception of the health issue and the threats that follow it. The concepts of this model are based on how a person perceives himself or she as being susceptible to the issue and if they were susceptible how sever the consequences will be. The benefits that one will receive from avoiding the threat and the perceived barriers that one will have to overcome are also concepts of this model. Just like many other models cue to action and self-efficacy is an important process of changing a behavior. A person needs self-confidence as well as a trigger that makes a person realize they should be aware of the health issue. The theory of planned behavior model is about ones intentions to perform

This is because, through studies, it has been found to be successful in evaluating, teaching and altering beliefs and thus behaviors (Abbaszadeh, Borhani, & Asadi, 2011). Zigheimat et al., (2007) after conducting a research project found that the HBM increases self-knowledge and self-care regarding physical activity, thus changing their beliefs with perceived severity and perceived benefits which in turned helped them to change their behavior in regards to exercise and diet control. The HBM can have the same rates of success with a community that has high rates of

The brainstem is located underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. The midbrain includes the tectum and tegmentum. The brain stem is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The midbrain is the rostral part of the brain stem. The pons are a part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain. The medulla oblongata is located between the pons and spinal cord. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. The midbrain is involved in functions such as vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement. The pons are involved in motor control and sensory analysis. For example, information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. It also has parts that are important for the level of consciousness and for sleep.

Studies have shown that addiction is due 50% to genetics and 50% percent to learned behaviors and coping skills. Studies have also shown that children of addicts are 8 times more likely to develop an addiction. Alcohol and other drugs of abuse stimulate a dopamine release and help drive addiction, and specific cues associated

Addiction can be caused by a variety of things which can be categorized generally into environment factors, genetic factors and finally development factors. While these three factors are interconnected each plays a key role that leads to

In Canada, the average cigarette consumption among daily smokers had dropped from 15 cigarettes per day (GPD) in 2012 to 13.9 GPD in 2013. From 1999 to 2013, cigarette consumption has declined significantly, by more than 3 cigarettes per day. And the yearly consumption during this time period kept decreasing by 1.3% averagely (Propel, 2015). According to the statistics conducted in 2013, “average daily cigarette consumption was 15.2 for male smokers and 12.5 for female smokers, which was a statistically significant difference” (Propel, 2015, p18). Between 2012 and 2013 consumption declined greatly among males but not females. Furthermore, as Li, Robson, Ashbury, Hatcher and Bryant stated that smoking has been widely reported to be more prevalent in the lower socio-economic classes and among Canadian-born people as compared to Canadian immigrants (2009). Additionally, although tobacco is considered as an inferior good whose elasticity is low, smokers are becoming increasingly price-sensitive as there are more and more new cigarette products that have been introduced into the market, thus consumers may seek ways to purchase less expensive cigarettes, particularly as tobacco taxes increase the overall price of cigarettes.

The core assumptions of the Health Belief Model (HBM) are based on the premise that a person will develop a health behavior and is willing to take action to avoid the occurrence of the disease. Furthermore, the person needs to believe that they have the possibility of developing the disease, that they can avoid the disease, that the cost of the change outweighs the benefit and that the person can effectively implement the recommended behavior. Furthermore, the major concepts of the HBM are perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, cues to action and self-efficacy (de Chesnay and Anderson, 2016, p. 155-156).