Running Head: AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS 1
America Before Columbus:
The Positive and Negative Impacts of “Contact” and The Columbian Exchange
TyNessa Thompson
University of the Incarnate Word Online
AMERICA BEFORE COLUMBUS 2
America Before Columbus:
The Positive and Negative Impacts of “Contact” and The Columbian Exchange I remember my sister telling me a story about how she would always ask questions in history class back in high school. She explained that she thought the information she was learning was being taught incorrectly. One of her questions she had asked was, “How did Christopher Columbus “discover” America when Native Americans already lived there?” Her question was valid and looking back, I do wish history was taught with more factual detailed information. It seems one has to go looking for specific historical information to gain an understanding of how and why things became how they are today. The video “America Before Columbus” gives an account of what seems to be truthful information. I am glad to say that I learned quite a bit watching this video. My opinion of what was shown is that there was definitely a negative impact on the Natives
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The Europeans had “curiosities and thirst for power” (Angel, 2012), so communication with the Natives didn’t seem to be a thought. One could say each culture was different in the sense of being a high context culture or a low context culture. The Europeans were definitely the low context culture and the Natives the high context culture. Kittler, Nelms, and Sucher (2015) suggests that in a high context culture, the meaning of conversation is found in context, not in words. On the other hand, low context cultures focus on actual words to be expressed rather than focusing on who is receiving the message (p.
The word pre-Columbian is used to discuss the history of the Americas in the era before European impact. Pre-Columbian was frequently used in discussing the abundant civilizations of the Americas. During pre-Columbian America, there was nothing, but wilderness and Indians. There were about thirty thousand square miles of desert. The Indians set fires to the trees to kill the area.
Howard Zinn’s point on how we regard on how we teach and learn about Columbus is that the historians only focus on one criteria on how Columbus had found this land but didn’t focus on the crueler facts that the Arawaks faced, like how they were enslaved to work for the Spaniards. Howard Zinn thinks that we should rethink the Columbus Legacy and it’s implications for the present and future because of the factors that the historians didn’t put in their teachings and books. In History textbooks, Christopher Columbus is known for the man who founded North America. Which is technically not true since the Arawaks were already there.
The direct encounter between the European explorers and the native population had had consequences on numerous issues and their interaction led to dominance of the ideas and beliefs. In the context of Columbian Exchange, the old world, roughly consisting of the western countries gained in a number of ways-discoveries of new supply of metals and new prosperous crops and vast arable land (Qian, 2010). The consequences from their interaction gave rise to the improvement in trade as a result of exploring new routes to promote trade and the scientific exploration which eventually allowed Europe to stand out in the global system in the late 17th century. However, along with those improvements, there are many negative consequences that arose as a result of European exploration that still have devastating impacts on the world system today and which are still highly debated
Historians differ on what they think about the net result of the European arrival in the New World. Considering that the Columbian Exchange, which refers to “exchange of plants, animals, people, disease, and culture between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas after Columbus sailed to the Americas in 1492,” led to possibly tens of millions of deaths on the side of the American Indians, but also enabled agricultural and technological trade (Henretta et al. 42), I cannot help but reflect on whether the effects should be addressed as a historical or a moral question. The impact that European contact had on the indigenous populations of North America should be understood as a moral question because first, treating it as a historical question is difficult due to lack of reliable historical evidence; second, the meaning of compelling historical claims is contestable as the academic historian perspective tends to view the American Indian oral history as invalid; and finally, what happened to the native Indians is morally repulsive and must be discussed as such. The consequences of European contact should be answered as a moral question because historically, it is hard to be historically objective in the absence of valid and dependable historical evidence.
Loewen argues, “That people from other continents had reached the Americas many times before 1492. Europeans may already have been fishing off Newfoundland in the 1480s. In a sense, Columbus’s voyage was not the first but the last “discovery” of the Americas (Loewen 33). Christopher Columbus was not the only person portrayed inaccurately. Pilgrims were also portrayed as peaceful Europeans who came to the new world and got along nicely and “broke bread” with the natives without any violence.
During the late 1400s and the early 1500s, European expeditioners began to explore the New World. Native Americans, who were living in America originally, were much different than the Europeans arriving at the New World; they had a different culture, diet, and religion. Eventually, both the Native Americans and the European colonists exchanged different aspects of their life. For example, Native Americans gave the Europeans corn, and the Europeans in return gave them modern weapons, such as various types of guns. This type of trade was called “the Columbian Exchange.”
During the early 1400’s European exploration initiated changes in technology, farming, disease and other cultural things ultimately impacting the Native Americans and Europeans. Throughout Columbus’ voyages, he initiated the global exchange that changed the world. The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New World began soon after Columbus returned to Spain from the Americas. These changes had multiple effects, that were both positive and negative. Although the Columbian Exchange had numerous benefits and drawbacks but the drawbacks outweighs the benefits.
Some say Christopher Columbus was a hero because he was the explorer that discovered America. In reality, Christopher Columbus had an incredibly negative impact on the world because he enslaved the Native Americans, didn’t help the kind Natives when they got infected by diseases that the Spaniards had brought to America, and killed off most of the Native American population. The tactics he chose to use were violent and destructive by the standards back then and now. First, Columbus treated the Native Americans like uncivilized people by enslaving them and forcing them to work for him although they greeted him and his crew peacefully. ” They could make fine servants,”(document 2) he wrote in his journal,”I took them by force.
The Columbian Exchange began after Christopher Columbus's journey in 1492. Columbus’s discovery of the new, unclaimed, fertile, and abundant land of the Americas leads to the settlement of many Europeans searching for new opportunities to thrive and prosper. The new European settlers allowed for a trade network to be established between the Old World and the New World. Opening the trade network introduced new crops, livestock, and disease to the Americas and the Old World. The spread of these new items leads to both an increase and decrease in the populations of their new habitats, as well as a profitable for the people involved in the new trade network.
The Columbian Exchange refers to the monumental transfer of goods such as: ideas, foods, animals, religions, cultures, and even diseases between Afroeurasia and the Americas after Christopher Columbus’ voyage in 1492. The significance of the Columbian Exchange is that it created a lasting tie between the Old and New Worlds that established globalization and reshaped history itself (Garcia, Columbian Exchange). Worlds that had been separated by vast oceans for years began to merge and transform the life on both sides of the Atlantic (The Effects of the Columbian Exchange). This massive exchange of goods gave rise to social, political, and economic developments that dramatically impacted the world (Garcia, Columbian Exchange). During this time,
The end of the fifteenth century is attributed as the time period in which Christopher Colombus “discovered” the Americas. Although he was allegedly the first European to have reached these unknown lands at the time, many sought to reach the new world, for a variety of reasons. Most of those people could be divided in two: the settlers and the conquerors. In North America, there were more of the former, people looking for a new home where they could rebuild their families and lives. In Meso-America, however, the goal was to exploit the lands in order to produce and extract new goods which they could trade.
Europeans began exploring the Americas in late 15th century. This had many effects on both the land of the Americas and the Native Americans that inhabited them. Many of the Native American cultures perished with the coming if the Europeans while some survived. A good deal of the Native American cultures that did survive, were very small. The Europeans did not mean to find the Americas, in fact, they were on a voyage to find a new route to Asia and The Indies.
Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in fourteen hundred ninety-two. When one hears the name Christopher Columbus, they tend to think about his discovery of America. What they don’t consider is how his discovery changed and affected America. First of all, Columbus’ discovery provided the start of a long term colonization, which created what we know today as America. People, who immigrated from another country, traveled all over the world to make it to America in hopes of getting land in “The New World”.
“Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress”, chapter one of “A People’s History of the United States”, written by professor and historian Howard Zinn, concentrates on a different perspective of major events in American history. It begins with the native Bahamian tribe of Arawaks welcoming the Spanish to their shores with gifts and kindness, only then for the reader to be disturbed by a log from Columbus himself – “They willingly traded everything they owned… They would make fine servants… With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” (Zinn pg.1) In the work, Zinn continues explaining the unnecessary evils Columbus and his men committed unto the unsuspecting natives.
In our notes, it is stated that the high-context culture rely heavily on non-verbal cues to maintain social harmony. This includes many Asian and the Middle Eastern cultures. On the other hand, low-context culture uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings and idea as directly and logically as possible. Such examples are the American and the European cultures.