The HIV Life Cycle

The newly made mRNA strand travels out of the nucleus to a ribosome where the directions can be made into a protein. A ribosome is composed of one large and one small subunit that assemble around the mRNA. The mRNA now passes through the ribosome. Now, amino acid building blocks are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The small subunit of the ribosome arranges the mRNA so that it can be read it segments of 3 nucleotides.

After this step is finished, it allows the virus to inject its genetic material into the host cell, which is a similar process to the DNA

The roles are as follows for the bacterial cells, the structure flagella are the swimming movement of the cell, pili stabilizes the cells during DNA transfer, the capsules are used as protection for the cell when a method of killing or digestion is happening. The cell wall confers rigidity and the shape they have, the plasmic membranes are the barriers and the location for the enzyme systems which produces energy. The ribosomes like animal and plant is the factor for protein synthesis. The other functions like the Chromosomes and the plasmid make up the DNA of the cell. Explain how bacteria cells make energy for cellular processes.

Amir Ahemedin Ms.Buckley Genetics 11/06/15 Transformation of E.coli Lab Purpose The purpose of this lab is to genetically engineer the E.coli strain by introducing two genes, the green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) and the ampicillin resistant gene (AMP). Then observe whether or not the E.Coli strain would take up these genes and become fluorescent. Background Information In this lab, bacterial transformation was one of the three processes that occurred when genetic material is introduced to a bacterial cell.

Moreover, SCC1 can also be replaced by REC8 (Revenkova and Jessberger, 2006). The Rad21-like protein (Rad21L) is a paralogue of the mammalian meiosis-specific SSC1/REC8 (Gutiérrez-Caballero et al., 2011). Uhlmann et al. (2011), reported three distinct classes of meiotic cohesin complexes. The first one has REC8 in the protein complex, while the second and third groups have Rad21L and Rad21Scc1 resectively (Uhlmann, 2011).

In this prokaryotic specific mechanism, termination occurs by the formation of a stem loop hairpin structure which occurs at a palindrome. Palindrome A palindromic sequence occurs where a series of base pairs in the 5' to 3' direction on the DNA or RNA strand is repeated in the inverse sequence further along the same strand. This is the termination signal for the Rho Independent Termination. These sequences are able to base pair together as the RNA strand folds over on itself to form a stem loop structure as it is being transcribes.

The sender would transform this selected DNA sequence Sq into a new sequence of DNA along with extra information by incorporating the DNA sequence Sq with the encoded form of secret message M. This transformed encoded message is called cipher text that is being sent by a sender to the receiver end along with many other DNA sequences. 3. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE In order to provide better security in dada transmission scenario, a new method of encryption process is proposed here.

Lab 3 – DNA extraction and visualization Journal -Madhu Thalari. 1.Describe the laboratory exercise as you interpreted it.? Ans: This lab has given me methods to extrct DNA from both plant cells and animal cells. The main steps that are followed in both methods made me understand the reasons behind them. In order to extract DNA we need break the barriers(cell wall and cellmembrane), remove water, protiens and other unwanted material, make sure that the chemical we used should not damage DNA that we need and add flouroscent material to visualize the DNA.

Here occur the DNA duplication and the first steps in decoding genetic information. In all eukaryotic cells, there are also: the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus,

The major functions of mitosis are to repair and replace cells, and to maintain growth and development. Mitosis is frequently known for cell division and reproduction, while cancer is known to be a process of uncontrollable cell division. During mitosis, before progression through the next stage of the cell cycle, cells need to safely pass checkpoints to ensure that the DNA is ready for replication. If the DNA is damaged, apoptosis will occur and the cells will kill themselves off. Unfortunately for cancer these cells do not die off, and they bypass all of the checkpoints.

2. How does DNA replicate itself? In order to replicate itself, DNA undergoes DNA replication, a process in which the DNA unwinds and splits in two. From that point on, new nucleotides are added to each of the original strands (A to T, C to G) until the result is two identical sequence copies of DNA.

Pathogens are biological agents; generalized as single cellular microorganism that can vary from virus, fungi or bacteria they are commonly the first link to the chain of infection. Through several substrates and pathways these biological agents invade the host and procreate disrupting the normal physiology of the multi cellular organism, resulting in illness or disease. They are so adaptable they can affect unicellular organisms from biological kingdoms. There are thousands of different pathogens that have unique types of infection or parasitism. However they also have common traits, all successful pathogens access the host through several ways, in doing so invades the host defences allowing for replications and creating a permissive niche.

chinesis. A construct of R751::Tn4351 (the physical map of R751::Tn4351 and restriction sites are shown in fig. 7) was selected for introduction into F. chinesis to discover if the introduction and insertion of the vector R751 and the transposition of T4351 into the F. chinesis chromosome by a triparental mating occurred. One parent was E. coli GJ342 which carried a helper plasmid, the second parent was E. coli HB101 which contained R751::Tn4351 and the third parent was the F. chinesis target strain. 189 colonies were isolated on LB agar plates which in passage in fresh media were able to grow in 200µgml-1 erythromycin.

How do this modifications affect the genes? It all start when the genes carry the blueprints to make proteins in the cell. The DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into the sequence of a protein. Because they change how genes can interact with the cell 's transcribing machinery, epigenetic modifications, generally turn genes on or off, allowing or preventing the gene from being used to make a protein. On the other hand, mutations and bigger changes in the DNA sequence like deletions change not only the sequence of the DNA and RNA, but may affect the sequence of the protein as well.

Furthermore, Acinetobactor baylyi ADP1 like most organisms undergoes a process known as DNA recombination, where two complementary DNA strands cross and exchange portions of DNA. During recombination, a structure known as a Holliday Junction forms and must be resolved, completing the exchange of DNA (Aravind et al. 2000). Recombination is a crucial mechanism in both gene amplification and deletion. Specifically, ADP1 contains a protein called YqgF, a putative Holliday Junction Resolvase, due to its structural similarity to a known resolvase named RuvC (Aravind et al.