There are numerous applications of genetically engineered animals which includes the understanding of gene function, modeling of human disease to either understand disease mechanisms or to aid drug development and xenotransplantation. Genetic engineering, or genetic modification, use a variety of tools and techniques from biotechnology and bioengineering to modify an organism's genetic makeup. The genetic modification of the animals has increased significantly in recent years. The advancing technologies bring social, intrinsic and extrinsic ethical concerns with them which relate to the welfare of the animals in agriculture.
In the early stages of genetic engineering, the primary technology used was transgenesis, literally meaning the transfer
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The production of GMOs has negative impacts on the natural ecosystem which are not apparent now but will be apparent in the future. For example, genetic changes in a particular plant or animal might render it harmful to another organism higher up in the food chain and ultimately this effect may build up to destroy the entire food chain in which that plant plays a role.
In philosophy, the main argument against genetic engineering is that it violates the inherent "dignity" of humans to alter animals' DNA under any circumstance (Rifkin). The "natural" state of humans, unaltered by mortal intervention, is inherently dignified. According to this train of thought, since genetic engineering fundamentally alters human at the most basic level, it is not dignified, and therefore
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Some authors have made the case that genetic engineering requires us to expand our existing notions of animal ethics to include concepts of the intrinsic value of animals (35), or of animal "integrity" or "dignity" (33). Veerhoog argues that "we misuse the word telos when we say that human beings can 'change' the telos of an animal or create a new telos" - that is to say animals have intrinsic value, which is separate from their value to humans. It is often on these grounds that people will argue that genetic engineering of animals is morally wrong. For example, in a case study of public opinion on issues related to genetic engineering, participants raised concerns about the "nature" of animals and how this is affected (negatively) by genetic engineering
Unlike many of the other authors examined thus far, Gert is much subtler in his argumentative approach by utilizing carful phraseology and ambiguity rather than decisive declarations. In the introduction of his article, Gert acknowledges that he is not an expert in genetics, but simply a philosopher setting out to resolve the controversy surrounding alteration of the human genome. After thoroughly describing his definition of morality, Gert claims, “The moral force of the objection [towards] genetic engineering… is that we do not know that there are no risks. A proper humility, that is, recognition that human knowledge is limited and that all human beings are fallible, is required for reliable moral behavior” (Gert 47).
Perry argues that while theologians claim that genetic engineering is condemned as “violating the dignity of human life”, parents who desire healthy children is not a violation of human dignity, but rather acceptable and even praiseworthy (Can we Play God?,
For years, the health and safety of genetically modified foods have been debated and researched by scientists, but the question still stands: should genetically modified foods be allowed for consumption? The process of genetic modification involves inserting a gene from bacteria or a virus into an organism where it would normally not be found. The purpose is to alter the genetic code in plants and animals to make them more productive or resistant to pests or farming techniques. Genetically modified organisms, more commonly known as GMOs, have been a controversial topic of debate for a number of reasons. The ethics behind genetically modified foods come into question due to an abundance of short and long-term effects from the process, many of which are still unknown today.
In Oryx and Crake, Margaret Atwood addresses the concerns about the potential risks of implementing genetically modified organisms. She warns that dependence on such organisms could lead to unforeseen consequences on society. With the improvement of technology and rapid growth of genetic advancements, scientists are able to create genetically enhanced animals. Scientists started off with relatively small-scale genetic modifications, however, when corporations saw the success and potential revenue generating ability, the genographers were provided with funding and the experiments became a business.
"Biotechnology Must Not Be Used to Alter Human Nature." Designer Babies, edited by Clayton Farris Naff, Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. "Human Cloning Possible but Remains 'Abhorrent' in Minds of Public."
Many great things can be accomplished through genetic engineering, but scientific progress is being halted by the opposition 's use of arguments with questionable logic. Most notably is their fear of designer babies. The problem with designer babies is that complex beneficial traits such as height, strength, intelligence, and attractiveness aren’t determined by one gene, and are also dependent on many other variables that aren’t genetic. Some traits such as the shape of an earlobe, eye color, or an individual’s susceptibility to certain diseases are determined by a single gene, and that specific gene can be identified and isolated by scientists. Professor of translational epidemiology at Emory University, Cecile Janssens states, “Even when all genes and their complex interactions are completely understood, our ability to use gene editing for favorable traits will remain limited because human traits are just not genetic enough.”
Human genetic engineering, what was once considered a futuristic possibility and in the realm of science fiction (Evans 2010) is now becoming a mechanism to alter the genetic characteristics of an individual that will now be passed through the germ line, from one generation to the next. We are essentially changing the genetic makeup of the human species (Evans 2010). With IVF and HGE, is it morally correct to make radical genetic selections and changes that inevitably will influence the lives of future generations? Veatch, Haddad and English (2010) argue that this is the most fundamental issue that faces reproductive technologies, whether or not interfering with ‘the genetic and birth process is ‘playing God’’ in an unacceptable manner. They further state that the rapid developing reproductive technologies have the potential to change the nature of the human species and the process of reproduction (Veatch, Haddad and English, 2010), which can be considered to extend beyond what ‘humans should be permitted to do’.
But the genetic engineering proposed by McMahan is only used to avoid the moral duty of not killing animals. Therefore, by Thompson’s principle, we may be indifferent to the practice in terms of morality. With respect to feasibility, we should notice that it is a quite radical form of genetic modification, which requires major biotechnological breakthrough and may have unpredictable consequences. By the precautionary principle, it is
“Humans have long since possessed the tools for crafting a better world. Where love, compassion, altruism and justice have failed, genetic manipulation will not succeed.” This was written by Gina Maranto in “Quest for Perfection: The Drive to Breed Better Human Beings book.” You may think genetic engineering has lots of positive aspects with no negative aspects but as much positive aspects it has as many as negative aspects it has. It can introduce a disease which may not be curable.
In advance, people have considered the moral implication of this particular decision. The biggest fear is changing the human genome that will eventually change humans
The author’s assertion that “ future individuals have the right to an unmodified human genome”(Unknown 12) and that “the child’s very identity is altered”(Unknown 11) is extremely useful because it sheds insight on the difficult problem that many children will face if genetic engineering is constantly used in humans. The children will be partly artificial and “the individual will realize that he or she is essentially a test subject—knowledge that might be disturbing… This knowledge will become a part of the individual’s identity, and it is unethical to place such a burden on him or her. ”(Unknown 12) I believe that this is the crux of the matter.
Genetic engineering in humans is a recent development that gives parents the option to design their idea of a perfect baby. The idea of “perfect babies” will lead to designer babies. The term designer babies refers to using biotechnology to choose what type of baby you want. The traits that can be changed in these babies are gender, appearance, intelligence, disease, and personality. Changing these traits can cause many problems and can affect society, the family, and the baby.
There are many controversial issues throughout time that have risen and led countries to disagree with one another worldwide. Eugenics and genetic engineering on humans is a topic that many believe crosses a major ethical boundary. Many scientists and ethicists believe that gene editing on human genes is unethical at certain degrees and it should not be done until the proper precautions have been overlooked and restrictions are made. The reason for this is due to the fact that in the past, scientists and historical figures have previously attempted to create a perfect human race in the past based on the idea of eugenics, which is why many societies want to take precautions in order for there to be no chance that history will repeat itself once
They argue that this allows for greater control and objectivity than there would be is the experiment used humans. Also, humans and animals are highly similar physiologically therefore allowing for generalisations from animal experiments to be made to humans benefitting society. It was Rudolf Jaenisch and Beatrice Mintz in 1974 who produced the first genetically modified animal when investigating the process of tumours by implanting embryos in female mice which had been injected with the Simian virus 40 DNA (Jaenisch & Mintz, 1974). Using these GM animal’s scientists can study disorders in many aspects from neurological, immunological and inflammatory to cancers as well as developing effective treatments such as gene and pharmaceutical therapy (Bedell et al., 1997). GM animals are also used in the xenotransplantation.
This essay will look more on the advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering has some advantages. Firstly it allows for faster growth rate .Genetic engineering allows of plants or animals to be modified so their maturity can occur at a quicker pace outside of the normal growth conditions that are favourable without genetic changes as well .Secondly, it may also provide a cure for disease to improve health (apecsecadmin, 2014). Genetic engineering can be used to eradicate a number of incurable and deadly disease which could be done by identifying the genes that cause these disease, and manipulate them to prevent people from contracting these potentially deadly diseases.