Being Human and Beyond Human: Transhumanism in Girish Karnad’s Hayavadana Amrutha Mohan Independent researcher MA (2014-16) Institute of English (University of Kerala) Abstract Girish Karnad is regarded as one of the luminiferous stars in the universe of Indian theatre. His plays are renowned for its innovative tone and aesthetic appeal. Hayavadana, his third play, spins around the theme of identity and quest for perfection. Two plots appear intertwined in Hayavdana- one is the triangle relationship of Padmini, Kapila and Devadatta and the other is the sub plot which deals with the story of Hayavadana. The story of Padmini’s inexhaustible desire for a perfect husband aptly fits to a play which deals with the theme of human completeness. Transhumanism is a method and process which focuses on the elevation of human capabilities with the help of technology. Transhumans imply humans whose qualities are more than ordinary humans and haven’t reached the extraordinary level of posthumans and thus it depicts a middle stage between humans and post-humans. The research paper juggles with the trope of human and tries …show more content…
“Transhumanists promote the view that human enhancement technologies should be made widely available…” [1]. Transhumanism is an extension of humanism and looks forward in improving the abilities of humans. “Transhumanism do not speak in one voice, and the movement expresses a variety of impulses (…) Several themes are common to transhumanist discourse: the view of evolving human nature, the focus on biotechnological enhancement that will exceed ordinary human physical and cognitive traits, a deep concern for longevity…”[4]. Padmini’s quest is also synonymous with such transhuman perspectives. Human body and mind forms the focus of Padmini’s
In his “’No.’ : The Narrative Theorizing of Embodied Agency in Octavia Butler’s Kindred,” Bast underscores humanity’s desire for agency, one’s “ability to reach decision[s] about themselves and [express them]” and how one’s agency can benefit a society or a community (Bast 151). In the beginning of his article, Bast labels this decision-making and expression as beneficial and necessary for a community, while simultaneously underlining society’s limitations put on mankind’s freedoms such as discrimination, prejudice, or injustice. Nevertheless, he follows up by stating that it is simply human instinct to want to express thoughts even if other factors oppress them, undermining these social limitations.
The sterilization of Carrie Buck and the eugenics movement in the U.S. is an example of this relationship, as the eugenics movement and biological determinist thought permeated society. Carrie Buck was up against four powerful institutions, medicine, academia, law, and the judiciary, not to mention the gender and economic differences. While discussing the economy, Calavita explains a shift in business models that applies to Buck’s case. Calavita writes, “The charisma and credentials of the ‘grand old men’ who traditionally made up this transnational arbitration club continue to provide it with an aura of genteel legitimacy, but that its actual operation has been rendered highly technocratic and rational” (Calavita, 34). The ‘grand old men’ described can also be applied to the four, elite, professional institutions Buck was against during her case.
Technology plays a significant role in every aspect of our lives. It is what separates modern society from an archaic past. It’s open-endedness and potential for great change make it nearly impossible to gain a complete understanding of its effects. Without this overarching understanding, many of us develop an improper indication of how powerful these advances could become. As a result, we fear what we don’t know and artificial intelligence is often Enemy Number One.
It is by virtue of his indomitable freedom of thought that Equality is able to retain his unflagging curiosity and make strides in his quest for knowledge. Society’s condemnation of independent thinking is not the only chain that shackles the mind and inhibits scientific progress—so is the individual’s will. Despite the Councils’ powerful thought control, citizens are never forced into subservience. They are not deprived, blackmailed, or drugged. Nor are their hands tied up by law enforcement.
Sciences and technologies have improved many aspects of human lives. But as technologies are developing to be more and more advanced, science can be a deadly subject to us as well. Some writers have taken this idea and expanded on this theme of how science is deadly. In this essay I will discuss how this theme is explored in the texts: the novel Unwind written by Neal Shusterman, the film Gattaca directed by Andrew Niccol, following the short texts There Will Come Soft Rains and The Veldt written by Ray Bradbury. Science is supposed to help humans to understand more about the world and improve people’s lives.
It can be seen that cyberfeminism looks at technology as a agent for the separation of gender and gender inequality, as well as a way in which to join the body with machines. In a modern day society in which civilization is absorbed in technology and technological devices, culture slowly begins to get more adapted through technology, and modern day ways of thinking about the role of women in technology and society become more acceptable. " The virtuality of cyberspace is seen to spell the end of the naturalised, biological embodiment as the basis for gender difference. The internet is expressive of female ways of being, and thereby creates manifold opportunities for changing the woman - machine
Moor: “Should We Let Computers Get Under Our Skins?” In the argumentative essay, “Should We Let Computers Get Under Our Skins?”, Moor argues that the era of cyborgs-part human and part computer-is coming whether we like it or not, but we should accept a policy of “responsible freedom” along with it. He argues against the thoughts of not allowing cyborgs. He thinks that instead of trying to fight and go against this coming of computer help, we should accept it but be aware of the things that come along with it. We should approach it with having the freedom to be able to decide whether we want computer implants or not, but also by being responsible in knowing the harms that could come with it.
Nicholas Carr is “an American journalist and technology writer” who attended Dartmouth College and Harvard University. Over the past decade, Carr has examined and studied the different impacts that computers have on our life and the “social consequences” of this new technology (Carr 123). In “A Thing Like Me” by Nicholas Carr, the author claims that technology is overpowering and dominating our lives. Carr expands on this idea further by defining it as people using “tools that allow them to extend their abilities” (Carr 124). To help with his argument, Carr uses a historical narrative about the creation of computer software, named ELIZA.
Through the expansion of technology the narrator addresses the relationship of human beings with “super-toys” and the reality challenged when such artificial intelligence is introduced in a human world. The story is fixed some time in the future. Monica Swinton a 29 year old woman of “graceful shape and lambent eyes”. “She remained alone. An overcrowded world is the ideal place in which to be lonely.”
In the past six centuries humans have become more reliant on technology to take over the simplistic jobs to create a more efficient and widely connected world. The shift from the age of industry and production to media and information culture has raised the question of what it means to be human. Industrial jobs have been taken over by computers and society looks to humans to fill jobs that are a provision of service. William Gibson’s Neuromancer, is a blueprint of how the human reality in the postindustrial and neoliberal ages is dominated by technology. Overall, the novel shows that humans depend on technology to feel interconnected, human identity is found through the fixation on technology, and that human life revolves around business.
Although there were some downs on the progress, like the Dark Ages, where the “good Roman laws were forgotten and the beautiful Greek statues had been smashed to pieces (Gombrich 110), Gombrich has proven that there was more progress in human’s potentials. What makes a difference between humans and the rest of the animals are that humans are capable of using tools for the benefits. Gombrich has presented the progress in technology, by using an example of the earliest tools ever found. Those were the tools made by prehistoric people in the Stone Age. This was the revolutionary stage of the progress in technology, as we, the humans, were the first ones, to ever use tools for their own benefit.
Editing of the human genome in the past has been only a sight seen in dystopia works such as Brave New World. Now, genetic enhancement is a prevalent today and people are beginning to realize the issues that can arise from creating these designer babies. Gene editing can be helpful to eradicate life changing disabilities. Yet, the term disability does not correctly label these differently abled people, as the idea of what is considered disabled has changed overtime. To fully understand the consequences and implications of genetic selection and enhancement of human embryos, society must mature and declare lines of what is and is not ethically moral.
Ray Lankester’s Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism (1880) puts forward the theory of evolutionary degeneration, a theory which H.G. Wells expanded on in his own novel, The Time Machine (1895). Wells’ presentation of mankind’s degeneration, the Eloi, reveals the cultural anxiety of how mankind, having prospered beyond the drive of necessity, could adapt into a more vulnerable state. Many critics have focused on Wells’ overt allegorical warning to humanity not to degenerate into the Eloi, however, I argue there is a much more immediate anxiety that runs throughout the text in the presentation of the Time Traveller himself. The Traveller is an experiment of Lankester’s theory, in that he finds himself ousted from a condition of security. The
In the article “Where Are the Missing Masses? The Sociology of a Few Mundane Artifacts”, Bruno Latour explores how artifacts can be designed to shape human action and that technology mostly rely on human interaction to function. He argues that technologies shape the decisions we make, the effects our actions have, and the way we move through this world. Providing examples from the door closers, and engineers among others, Latour emphasize the importance of the interaction between humans and technology. He studies the relationship between humans (the creator) and machines (the creation) and shows how the use of technology can help achieve certain goals and values.
(Wilson, 1984; Kellert & Wilson, 1993). Empirical findings from the field of environmental psychology and aesthetics reveals that humans are aesthetically attracted to natural elements and forms. Interaction with those elements and forms is valuable for humans physiological and psychological well-being and cognitive functioning, as it triggers several positive effects as; stress reduction, pain reduction, reduce recovery time after surgery, improve productivity...etc. (Kaplan & Kaplan 1989; Hartig et al., 2003; Ulrich et al. 1991; Ulrich, 1991 &1993; Joye, 2007a, 2007b; Van den Berg, et. al., 2004; Orians & Heerwagen 1992; Heerwagen & Orians,