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The Gram-positive cells are already stained and cannot take up the Safranin. “The alcohol/acetone in the decolorizer extracts lipids, making Gram-negative wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal Violet iodine complex, thereby decolorizing it. Dehydration of the gram-positive wall by the decolorizer coupled with it's thicker peptidoglycan and greater degree of cross-linking trap the crystal Violet iodine complex more efficiently, making the gram-positive wall less susceptible to decolorization” (Leboffe). Materials needed are Crystal Violet stain, Gram iodine stain, decolorizer, and the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli in
2. You have been asked to set up a dilution series, and then use spread plates to determine the viable cell count. Why is it necessary to use a dilution series when isolating bacteria from a biological sample using spread plating? [5 MARKS] It is vital to use a dilution series to reduce the concentration of the original biological sample so it is easier to count the number of isolated colonies which are present on the spread plate. The diluted samples will have a workable number of colonies on the spread plate which can then be used to calculate the number of bacteria which were present in the original undiluted sample.
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AIM The aim of the experiment was to learn how to properly use light microscope and investigate the unicellular organism. INTRODUCTION In biological sciences there are many methods to investigate certain elements and structures but on the top of the list if microscope. Vast majority of organisms on the planet and on the body are too small to be seen from a naked eye, the cells and the organelles can only be seen under the eye of light microscope. In this experiment the method to use light microscope was shown. Light microscope is used in research for years and years and it is a very basic tool of science and especially in biology as it is the study which includes a lot of research.
This is an example of negative staining. An example of an acidic dye is eosin. Staining is simply means artificial colouring method to facilitate the examination on microorganisms, tissues or other cells under microscope that emphasise certain structure of the cells. There are three type of staining that is simple staining, differential staining and specialized staining. Simple staining is uncomplicated procedure that involve only one dye.
Researcher’s decision to use animal research has undergone a series of procedure. They exert their best efforts to find a replacement as much as possible before resenting to animal use. The three Rs are a set of principles that scientists are encouraged to follow in order to reduce the impact of research on animals. These three R’s are: Reduction, Refinement and
However, among these only 50 research articles had relevant titles to the topic under research. Subsequently the other 108 articles were ignored. The identified databases in which the 50 selected articles were published included Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis and Springer Science. Consequently the three search engines were searched in the above