Typewriter: A Case Study In Technological Innovation And Social Change

In the award winning article, “Passages in Mary Shelly's Frankenstein: Towards a Feminist Figure of Humanity?” Cynthia Pon addresses masculinity and feminism in terms of conventions, ideals, and practices (Pon, 33). She focused on whether Mary Shelly's work as a writer opened the way to a feminist figure of humanity like Donna Haraway argued. The article has a pre-notion that the audience has read Frankenstein and Haraway's article. Pon has a slight bias, due to her passion as a feminist writer. It may skew her thinking and at times be subjective. The intended audience is someone who is studying literature and interested in how women are portrayed in novels in the 19th century. The organization of the article allows anyone to be capable of reading it.

The 1920s were an era of exciting social reforms and deep cultural struggles. During this decade, time became progressive for women in America. Women were allowed to experience freedom on a more personal level. This didn’t hold back all the sexism that caused quite the controversy. Women from rural parts of the country started moving to the urban areas in search of jobs. In the work force, men received much more money than women did. The women who moved to the city found themselves with little money to go out and seek entertainment.

Over time, the period saw a general upsurge in literacy rates. For example in France between 1680 -1780 literacy rose from 29% to 47% for men and from 14% to 27% for women.

China’s Han dynasty and the Romans valued technology in their civilizations, but they used technology for different reasons to accommodate their empire. The Hans relied heavily on agriculture and developed technology to make labor easier and more efficient, which is depicted by some of their technology like iron metallurgy and water systems. In contrast, the Romans focused primarily on science and mathematics, so the intellectuals looked down on technology as it was used by slaves and for their labor. Han China’s attitude towards technology was more appreciative and focused on its benefits toward labor than the Romans who viewed technology as inferior and for the laborers in their class-divided society.

Judy Wajcman is a professor of sociology, she is one of the founding feminist contributors to the understanding of technology in society and thus is best known for her study of the gendered ways of technology. Wajcman discovers the ways in which technology can be gendered by both its design and by its use, simultaniously this shows us how our personality is shaped by the technoscience culture of the world which we live in. Wajcman writes about the important role which gender has in technology and she looks at the achievement of women 's technological successes in the past and she focuses on the major influence that gender and feminism have had on technology. She concentrates a lot on the roles women have had in producing and not just consuming technology and she also focuses on the lack of recognition women have received because of their undervalued skills. Wajcman is the author of the book Feminism confronts Technology, this book provided us with a strong concept for building a feminist outlook into the social science debates about technology. It provides us with a great analysis of the power of technology on the lives of women, and it shows us that there is a pre-made male prejudice formed in the way that technology is defined and designed. The

Economic developments of the era from 1890-1925 played a role in the rising position of women in our nation. Our nation was in the process of incredible growth on the coattails of the post-Civil War "Industrial Revolution." Our nation's cities were growing at an unbelievable rate, opening up jobs in manufacturing that were often

The new economic developments and inventions extended many job opportunities to women that they never had before. They not only were able to insert themselves into fields such as journalism or teaching. Clerical jobs were one of the many new opportunities women had insert themselves into the new Gilded Age. “American business offices had always been relatively small and populated by men, but after the Civil War, the booming economy needed an army of clerical workers to process the paperwork.”244. As it was stated before many opportunities women had through this point during history it has not been not necessarily because that was what many men wanted, it was due the situation it was presented during that specific

Technology can be defined as “the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment”. (n.d.) Therefore, when we speak of technological evolution we can say that it is an “innovation and technology related hypothesis that describes the fundamental change of society through technical development”. Different theorists have their own perspective on the evolution of technology but, although each of their views differs from another, they shared certain common features, mechanism, and incidence in technology. Some theorists have developed distinct approaches to understanding the nature of the technological process and the relationship between technological development and the social world. This article will compare the point of view of Gerhard Lenski, Leslie White and Alvin Toffler with respect to the evolution of technology.

First Generations: Women of Colonial America, written by Carol Berkin, is a novel that took ten years to make. Carol Berkin received her B.A. from Barnard College and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Columbia University. She has worked as a consultant on PBS and History Channel documentaries. Berkin has written several books on the topic of women in America. Some of her publications include: Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence (2004) and Civil War Wives: The Life and Times of Angelina Grimke Weld, Varina Howell Davis, and Julia Dent Grant (2009). The prejudice that the author brings forward strongly is the notion of feminism.

Jean –Jacques Rousseau believed that technology, knowledge and science corrupts human beings, and that human nature is good. The more knowledge a person have, many take greed into their hand or the more money a person has they believe they are better than another person. Some also believe the more money they have, the more problems they will have in their life. There is a saying that goes “it’s better to be poor and happy than being rich and miserable.” In the case of technology, it is something that corrupts human beings. People do not think for themselves anymore, they have become inadequate thinkers. Human beings rely on technology so much, that it is something we have become attached to.

“Writing was the world of each woman. In a world of exaltation of his imagination, feminine inscription seems single and sudden” . With the right for an education they gained skills which they used for their talent. Many social reforms led by suffragettes and their awareness of the situation in which they were, gave women writers an audience and a form in which they manifested their opinion. Women writers such as Emily Dickinson, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, Kate Chopin, Gail Hamilton and many others wrote poetry, novels, letters, essays, articles in which they portrayed the often conflicting expectations imposed on them by

In “The Means of Destruction,” Thomas Misa discusses the history of technology within all its significant eras. Misa believes that technology has been influence by social and cultural changes. For example, when certain tools of technology were developed, the engineers were only focusing into how that particular technology will contribute to the military. Since, there were a lot of wars going on during that time. This means that technology has always been adapted into what a consumer want. Therefore, technology itself does not have a solid platform. I personally believe that technologies nowadays have the ability to shape someone’s perspective through the use of advertisements and product attractiveness. We are now in the age, where electronic

Have you ever gone to the doctor and got a shot? How about used a car heater? Or even a dishwasher? Who invented these everyday items? Women. Women’s involvement in the working world have contributed to many items that would be missing from the world today; if they had not been allowed to work.. Women have struggled with sexism in the workplace since before they were even given the chance to try to work. They were taught from a young age that their job was to provide children, cook, and clean for their husbands, while the husband worked and provided the money. What men did not know however was that women were capable of so much more(Jewell, Hannah). Now women are lawyers, engineers, mechanics, computer programmers, and other jobs that have been primarily male dominated for years. Although sexism has been a key problem in the working industry, as evidenced by putting women in lower paying jobs, women today are putting an end by joining the women's movement pushing this issue into the mainstream media and increasing the worlds awareness on an issue that has been around for centuries.

One of the most significant works of feminist literary criticism, Virginia Woolf’s “A Room of One`s Own”, explores both historical and contemporary literature written by women. Spending a day in the British Library, the narrator is disappointed that there are not enough books written by or even about women. Motivated by this lack of women’s literature and data about their lives, she decides to use her imagination and come up with her own characters and stories. After creating a tragic, but extraordinary gifted figure of Shakespeare’s sister and reflecting on the works of crucial 19th century women authors, the narrator moves on to the books by her contemporaries. So far, women were deprived of their own literary history, but now this heritage is starting to appear. She finds that women are currently writing nearly as many books as men, on all kinds of subjects, such as economics and philosophy, “which a generation ago no woman could have touched“. So, to explore current novels and to see what kind of changes occurred in

Nowadays, the world has changed.The world now are modern because of the power of technology.People may not have a good life without this technology because of people nowadays are dependence on technology mostly.As we know,the technology are created to make our life more better, easier and comfortable. We admitted that the technology are giving us a lot of benefits,but we has also realise that the technology can give bad effect for us. This is all about the people dependence on technology can affect creativity and communication.If the people just always put their hope on the technology, we will get more lazier and this can give bad effects for our life.