Agonist Essays

MODAFINIL:DRUG OF THE MODERN ERA Modafinil(commonly known by the brand names Provigil, Alertec, Modavigil etc) is an oral drug that is used to induce wakefulness in patients with sleepiness. It reduces fatigue and enhances alertness in an individual. It is also known as nootropic. It is usually taken once in a day with or without eating your meal. Modafinil is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of narcolepsy or Obstructive sleep apnea hyperpnoea syndrome (OSAHS)

best in each circumstance. Beta-agonists are medications that use the beta-2 receptors in our airway in order to help smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. The beta-agonists primarily affect the bronchioles (small airways). These medications are usually given by inhalations, pills, tablets and intravenously, but most frequently by inhalation due to less side-effects. Beta-2 agonists are used as short acting (reliever) and long acting (maintenance) beta agonists. This means

A good man is hard to find is about a family who are planning to travel to Florida. The whole family is excited to go except the grandmother, who doesn’t want to go. To make her case, she tells her son Bailey, his wife, and their three children that there’s a criminal named the Misfit headed to Florida. The Misfit is one of the main characters in the story. The author, Flannery O’Connor, introduces him explaining his background and motivations. In doing so, she portrays a character that is both mythical

Physical Activity Log Assignment Name Institution Physical Activity Log Assignment 1. Introduction – Describe the significance of monitoring physical activity, setting goals, and evaluating results. It is always important to set goals and to monitor them. These activities help people to have a productive and fruitful lifestyle. Monitoring and evaluation are examples of self-management (Health.gov, 2014). Self-management and self-monitoring is the process of understanding and looking at one’s

between a) an agonist and antagonist –give 2 examples of each When the action of the drug is to activate or switch on a reaction, the drug is called an agonist. On the other hand, if the drug switches off the reaction, or inhibits or blocks the binding of other agonist components onto the receptor, it is called an antagonist. Hence, agonist and antagonist act in opposite direction, if agonist activate an action, antagonist inhibit an action(New Health Guide, 2014).Besides, agonist is imitates the

response of the guinea pig ileum to agonist ACh was a proportional contraction of smooth muscle to the increase dosage shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. From figure 1, in lower concentrations of ACh in the presense of Atr, there was a lower dose response, suggesting Ach is no longer in a non-competitive environment. Both curves from the dose responses (Figure 1) reach 100% maximum response even in the presence of Atr, showing a rightward parallel shift, indicates the agonist efficacy was not affected by the

There are agonists’ and antagonists all throughout nature. What would a great movie plot be without the antagonist(s)? This relationship, while not always synergistic, is still an important one to understand. Agonists work to produce a biological response, while an antagonist works to perform the opposite with regard to medications. They are a medical Ying and Yang, and when used properly, can have profound effects on severe symptoms. Opium is the dried latex obtained from a poppy plant.Opium

Experimental procedure (real life) Complete the ‘experimental setup’ for the guinea pig ilium experiment as shown in Fig 1. The agonist, acetylcholine is added to the organ bath at a concentration of 1 x 10⁻⁸ M where it will follow the 3 minute cycle. After 30 seconds the results are recorded. After results are recorded, washing of the organ bath and ilium is conducted (note. Called wash out). After 90 seconds a second washout occurs. At 180 seconds the length of the guinea pig ileum is reset to

to the оverstimulatiоn. Agonists of those receptors increase the cAMP levels, inverse agonists reduce those levels. However, it has been shown in vivo that inverse agonists such as metoprolol and bispolol cause improvement in mortality rates in mice models, xamoterol – an agonist used increased the mortality, while carvedolol – a neutral antagonist, did not have any effect (Greasley and Clapham, 2006). Other types of drugs that target GPCRs have agonist activities. Agonists are described as compounds

only way to counteract the catatelptic effect is to administer a dopamine receptor agonist, that is, some thing that stimulates the postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors.) Bromocriptine (a D2 agonist) was used to supply locomotor activity in reserpinized mice. They determined that the locomotor impact of bromocriptine was counteracted via the adenosine receptor agonists NECA (an A1/A2A agonist) and L-PIA (an A1 agonist) with a potency that suggeted important involvement of A2A

An organ bath experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of agonist, histamine on guinea pig ileum (GPI) and how the antagonists, mepyramine and SIPBSDrug A affect the GPI’s response (smooth muscle contractions). A GPI simulation was conducted to compare the potencies and nature of antagonists against histamine. The control Rmax and EC50 of histamine without antagonist were 16.49gms and 2.093 x 10-7M respectively. The concentration-response curves were shifted to right parallelly and EC50

INTRODUCTION This assignment is about the study of the effect of agonist and different concentration on guinea pig ileum and it will consist of method, graph results and discussion. Drug is defined as a chemical that has both biological and pharmacological effects on human. Its branch is pharmacology which can be divided into two branches namely pharmacodynamics and pharmaco kinetics. (C. Stephen and W. Robin (2010)) Pharmaco dynamic is about what drug does to the body and pharmaco kinetics is the

three types of movement in the body and these are agonist, antagonist, and fixator. Muscles generally speaking work in pairs if we are pushing or pulling. For example a bicep curl, the bicep is the agonist causing the movement and the triceps are the antagonist going in the opposition to the bicep muscles. The fixator muscle is the muscle that supports the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin moves over so it can help the agonist muscle work efficiently. There are different types

involuntary and unconscious reflexes controlled by the spinal level, that are influenced directly by afferent information from joint receptors. These reflexes are coordinatinated between agonist and antagogonist muscles (p17). Sherrington(1906) identified the coordination as the law of reciprocal inhibition: When an agonist contracts, its antagonist automatically

In this paper, we present a decentralized control strategy which is based on discrete-time adaptive control, for control of the ankle joint in paraplegic subjects using functional electrical stimulation .Agonist-antagonist co-activation is used to control the ankle movement. To achieve this purpose, first, the human is modeled as a single segment inverted pendulum which rotates about the ankle joint. Second, the nonlinear relationship between inclination angle and center of pressure is modeled. Finally

broaden the knowledge of the players. Agonist: A muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly, for example when your arm is flexed your bicep is the agonist Antagonist: The antagonist is the muscle within the pair that relaxes when the other is contracted. An example of this will be when your arm is flexed your tricep is the antagonist. Fixator: The fixator is the muscle that stabilises the agonist and the joint in order to help the agonist function most effectively. In the

Mitragyna speciosa or kratom is a tropical evergreen tree native in Southeast Asia and has been used in traditional medicine since the 19th century. However, the US Food and Drug Administration announced that the kratom plant has opioid properties and is unsafe for medical use. People in certain regions, such as Thailand and Indonesia, define the plant as a medicinal herb used for chronic pain management, treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms, and recreational activities. However, pharmaceutical

3. Review of Literature 3.1 Parkinson’s Disease7 Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease comprising of a spectrum of motor as well as non-motor manifestations. The classic motor manifestations of the disease include rigidity, rest tremors, bradykinesia and impairment of the gait. Along with these cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease, freezing of gait, postural instability, speech difficulty, autonomic disturbances, sensory alterations, mood disorders, sleep dysfunction, cognitive

regulate it to all the parts of body within the receptors. The target receptors that can be divided into two which are agonist and antagonists. Agonist drugs is the activator for the receptor or stimulator which generate the level of the response in the cell. In contrary, the antagonist drugs act as the blocker the way of the body’s natural agonist and also they avoid cell response to agonist. However, these two totally different target receptors can actually be used together. For example, in the case

Basic pharmacology of agent used in the treatment of asthma Pharmacodynamics about Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN), a moderately selective beta (2)-receptor agonist similar in structure to terbutaline, is widely used as a bronchodilator to manage asthma and other chronic obstructive airway diseases. The R-isomer, levalbuterol, is responsible for bronchodilation while the S-isomer increases bronchial reactivity. The R-enantiomer is sold in its pure form as Levalbuterol. The manufacturer of levalbuterol