Bradycardia Essays

“An average heart has four chambers; two upper, called the atria and two lower, called the ventricles. The right side of the heart receives blood that is returning from the body. This oxygen-lacking blood arrives in the right atrium, where it is pumped into the right ventricle. The right ventricle sends the blood to the lungs, where it is picks up plenty of oxygen. This oxygen-rich blood then enters the left atrium and is pumped into the left ventricle, which pumps blood through the aorta to all

1. Introduction Quality assurance in healthcare means maintaining high quality of healthcare by constantly measuring the effectiveness of organizations that provide it. A huge amount of knowledge and experience in enhancing the quality of health care has accumulated worldwide overtime. But still, the problem frequently faced by policy-makers (in both high and low middle income countries) is to know which quality strategies would have the greatest impact on the outcomes delivered by their health

premedication, control of withdrawal syndromes (nicotine, opioids, alcohol, and vasomotor symptoms of menopause), and treatment of glaucoma as well as various psychiatric disorders. Side Effects Sedation, dizziness, bradycardia, and dry mouth are common side effects. Less commonly, bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, nausea, and diarrhea may be observed. Abrupt discontinuation of clonidine following long-term administration (>1 mo) can produce a withdrawal phenomenon characterized by

fast, or too slow. Arrhythmias are due to problems with the electrical conduction system of the heart. The most common forms of arrhythmia observed is either, tachycardia (A heartbeat that is too fast - above 100 beats per minute in adults) or bradycardia (A heartbeat that is too slow - below 60 beats per minute). While most types of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure. Others may result in cardiac arrest. There are four main types

started using amiodarone for the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias with good outcomes. (2, 3) This drug is a class III agent in the Vaughan Williams scheme, with class I. II and IV antiarrhytmic effects. Amiodarone produces bradycardia, prolongs myocardial action potential and delays ventricular repolarization. Due to this three pharmacological properties amiodarone prolongs the QT-interval, predisposing to torsade de pointes (TDP), a polymorphic ventricular

COMPARISON OF INTRAVENOUS DEXMEDETOMIDINE VERSUS ESMOLOL FOR ATTENUATION OF HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO LARYNGOSCOPY AND ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION Abstract: Background: Esmolol has an established role in attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. We studied the effect of Dexmedetomidine compared to that of esmolol in this study. Aim: To study the role of dexmedetomine in attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and oral endotracheal intubation

MINISTRY OF HEALTHCARE OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION INSTRUCTIONS for the application of the drug for medical use HALOTHANE name of the drug Registration number: Tradename: Halothane. International nonproprietary name: Halothane. Dosage form: inhalation liquid. Composition: One vial contains - Active substance: 99.99% halothane (vol / vol) excipient: thymol 0.01% (vol / vol) Description: Clear, colorless, mobile, heavy liquid having characteristic odor. Pharmaco-therapeutic group: Remedy for inhalation

suit against the hospital, citing lack of care as the cause of death. Expert nurses and emergency physicians reviewed the case and testified had Mrs. Alfred been properly classified, intubated immediately, and not given Valium due to her severe bradycardia and hypotension, she may have survived the event. Given the fact no autopsy was performed, the experts were only able to hypothesize Mrs. Alfred died as a result of a pulmonary embolism. The experts testified both Dr. Schillinger and Nurse Ackerly

alpha-blockers for his prostatic urinary symptoms. Alpha-blockers are also used to reduce blood pressures and a side effect of dizziness can result being on this medication (Bott and Kirby 2007). In relation to previous investigations, the sinus bradycardia ECG has significance as there is a relationship between vasovagal syncope and sinus

powder that is freely soluble in water. Mechanism Of Action Dexmedetomidine, displays specific and selective α2-adrenoceptor agonism. It causes activation of the receptors in the brain and spinal cord inhibits neuronal firing, causing hypotension, bradycardia, sedation, and analgesia. The responses to activation of the receptors in other areas include decreased salivation, decreased secretion, and decreased bowel

RESPIRATORY EFFECTS Dexmedetomidine is able to achieve its sedative, hypnotic and analgesic effects without causing any clinically relevant respiratory depression unlike opioids. The changes in ventilation appeared similar to those observed during natural sleep. Dexmedetomidine do not cause any changes in arterial oxygenation, pH and respiratory rate.(67) It also exhibited a hypercarbic arousal phenomenon, which has been described during normal sleep and is a safety feature. The obstructive respiratory

Fig.2. shows the sinus Tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia can be indicated by the heart rhythm which has an elevated rate of impulses originating from the sinoatrial node. The heart rate for an average adult ranges from 60–100 beats/minutes, for infants having normal heart rate of 110–150 bpm to the elderly, who have slower normal. • Rate: fast heart beat ≥ 100bpm. • Rhythm: Regular. • P waves: Consistent, normal in morphology (if no atrial disease), Upright • P–R interval: Between 0.12–0.20 seconds

Late Deceleration A late deceleration is a smooth, gradual, symmetrical decrease in fetal heart rate beginning at or after the contraction peak and returning to baseline only after the contraction has ended25. A gradual decrease is defined as 30 seconds or more from the onset of the deceleration to the nadir. In late deceleration, the onset, nadir and recovery of the deceleration occur after the beginning, peak and ending of the contraction, respectively25 . The depth of late decelerations is not

reflex, which was evaluated by measuring heart rate and amplitude of blood flow. The dive reflex is explained as a drop in heart rate and blood flow while the subject is submerged underwater. Bradycardia is the term used to describe the decreased heart rate (HR), and it is advantageous to mammals. Bradycardia helps retain as much oxygen as possible during the submersion in order for muscles to work more effectively. A normal heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute (BPM). Decreased blood flow (BF) is

1. Amlodipine: • US Brand Names: Norvsac • Generic Names: Amlodipine • Dose/Route/Frequency: • 10mg/oral/daily • Why the medication was ordered this route: • The does was ordered this way because they patient is able to drink the liquid. • Therapeutic Classification: • Antihypertensive • Pharmacologic Classifications: • Calcium Channel Blocker • Mechanism of Action: • Inhibits the transport of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in inhibition of excitation contraction

the blockage of a blood vessel. 18. Carditis is an inflammation of the heart. 19. Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries are blocked with plaque and the blood flow decreases. This can cause heart attacks and strokes. 20. Bradycardia is when the heart beat is slower than normal 21. Cardioplegia is a procedure that is used to stop the heart activity for a short period of time. This type of procedure is used for heart surgeries. 22. Cardiomyopathy is heart muscle disease that

intermittently released from fat stores with ECG, arterial BP monitoring, SpO2, CVC access, CXR. 13. Observe for deterioration post-reduction of drug therapies, auscultate lung bases for crackles. If crackles heard or there is a return of miosis, bradycardia or sweating, re-establish atropinization. Note: Morphine, succinylcholine, theophylline, phenothiazines, reserpine are contraindicated. References 1. First Aid during Emergency. National Portal of India. www.India.gov.in reviewed on

1. Coronary Artery Disease: Coronary artery disease develops when your coronary arteries — the major blood vessels that supply your heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients — become damaged or diseased. It is a result of plaque buildup in your coronary arteries -- a condition called atherosclerosis -- that leads to blockages. The arteries, which start out smooth and elastic, become narrow and rigid, restricting blood flow to the heart. The heart becomes starved of oxygen and the vital nutrients it

FETAL DISTRESS The terms fetal distress and birth asphyxia are broad terms which may point at an adverse condition affecting the fetus. Fetal distress is a a term used to describe a situation where the clinician feels that the fetus is hypoxic or acidotic or is at risk of becoming so and this concern is significant enough to warrant intervention, usually in the form of operative delivery100. Fetal asphyxia is clinically defined as progressive hypoxaemia and hypercapnia with significant metabolic

h-1 in group P and increase the concentration of sevoflurane to1.5% - 2% in group S. 4 Intervention was considered necessary if SPO2 < 94%, EtCO2 > 45 mmHg, apnea (cessation of spontaneous respiration for 20 seconds), significant bradycardia or significant arrhythmia. In case of apnea or suspected airway obstruction, the MRI examination was interrupted, the patient was taken out of MRI unit and the airway patency was assessed. When the scan completed, propofol infusion or sevoflurane