Dopamine receptor Essays

“In Aristotelian terms, the good leader must have ethos, pathos and logos. The ethos is his moral character, the source of his ability to persuade. The pathos is his ability to touch feelings to move people emotionally. The logos is his ability to give solid reasons for an action, to move people intellectually,” said Mortimer Adler. Many of the greatest artists use ethical, logical, and emotional appeals to prove their points. Eric Schlosser uses various ethical appeals in Fast Food Nation. Michael

advantage of not interfering with motor symptoms. Ketamine should be used with caution because of potential interaction between levodopa and ketamine’s sympathomimetic activity. Butryophenones( eg:-droperidol) and phenothiazines , which block dopamine receptors and exacerbate PD should be avoided. Ondansettron appears safe in preventing and treatment of emesis in patients with PD and is also used in treatment of psychosis induced by long term levodopa therapy. Opioids are more succeptible to produce

In the memoir "Most of Me", the main character, Robyn Michele Levy, was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease at the age of forty three. This is a neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system resulting in the loss of dopamine produced by the brain cells. Parkinson's disease is also known as a motor system disorder that affects motor movements of the body. She had early symptoms that she was unaware of at the time. The disease quickly spread throughout her body, and while she was doing yoga

Elderly people with Parkinson's disease regularly experience depression which dramatically affects the quality of their life. Recognized as a secondary symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression is not uniformly diagnosed by healthcare professionals and many elders suffer untreated. Due to the nature of PD and depression, the elderly patient's limitations must be considered when deciding on treatment options. Some treatment options are: pharmacology, Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), Deep Brain

different receptors. Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking the D2 dopamine receptor. Typical antipsychotic medications, however, block the D2 receptor, which decreases the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but also block certain D2 receptors that are located outside of the mesolimbic pathway, a dopaminergic pathway in the brain that begins in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and connects to the nucleus accumbens.

attacks). It presents as an opioid or analgesic drug. 2. At what receptors or signalling systems are these ligands active? d-Amphetamine: Targets the TAAR1 receptor on various types of monoaminergic neurons, increasing neurotransmission in the CNS. The main target is different transporters such as MAO and NET and inhibits them in order to increase the levels of neurotransmitters such as Dopamine. Chlorpromazine: Targets the dopamine receptors D1 to D5 in the CNS and inhibits amphetamine-induced behavioural

with bipolar disorder. Therapy for acute manic episodes includes initiation of a mood stabilizer like lithium as well as an atypical antipsychotic such as risperidone. Risperidone decreases positive symptoms like mania by inhibiting D2 dopamine receptors. D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway are thought to be responsible for psychotic episodes. Choice "A" is not the best answer. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction and also a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous

The degeneration is associated with the reduction in the striatal dopamine. The basic cause of this has been identified as the deposition of the intracytoplasmic proteinaceous inclusions. These inclusions are known as Lewy bodies. α-synuclein is the main constituent of Lewy bodies in Parkinson’s disease. The exact cause

this drug. Most drugs of abuse affect the brain’s “reward” circuit, which is apart of the limbic system. Normally, the reward circuit responds to feelings of pleasure then would release a neurotransmitter called dopamine which releases the feeling of pleasure. When large amounts of dopamine flood your system is what causes the “high” linked with drug use. Our brains are wired to make sure we will repeat healthy activities. When this reward circuit is kick-started the brain notes something important

ST2 is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1) family that exist as both a transmembrane ligand (ST2L) and a soluble, circulating form (sST2).35 ST2 can be measured from various matrices without substantial differences in results and can be measured with highly sensitive and precise methods with well-defined reference limits.36-38 It is applicable as a biomarker for HF , both acute and chronic, due to its dose-dependent expression as a result of cardiomyocyte stretch which is known to cause

motor disorder resulting from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in an area of the brain known as the basal ganglia, in particular two clusters of cells called the substantia nigra. The manifestations of PD appear when 80% or more of the dopamine producing neurons have been destroyed. Symptoms of PD include difficulty initiating movement (bradykinesia); a shuffling gait; the classic pill rolling hand tremor; a blank facial expression; muscle rigidity; and in 10-15% of cases, the onset of

progressive neurodegenerative disease that is one of the most common neurologic disorders of older adults. The disorder is characterized by progressive destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway, with subsequent reduction in striatal concentration of dopamine. The prevalence of Parkinson disease is the United States is estimated at 1.0% of

Carbamazepine is the first anticonvulsant to show an effect in the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder (Stahl 2000). It was first discovered when patients with “epileptic personalities” showed an increase in their “psychic tempo”(Gualtrieri 2002), which included improvement in attention, concentration and preservation. It was discovered to be useful in the treatment of bipolar disorder in the 1970’s (Chen and Lin 2012). Carbamazepine is a tricyclic compound with a steric structure (Gualtrieri

and increased wakefulness. Martha had all of these symptoms with in the 48 hours she was in the observation room. 2. Methamphetamine increases the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. It is involved in body movement, motivation, pleasure, and reward. The drugs ability to release high levels of dopamine rapidly in areas of the brain produces the rush or euphoria that many people experience. Methamphetamine overstimulates the amygdala and compromises brain circuits needed to control

Benzodiazepines were first introduced in the 1960’s with the notion that they were free of addictive properties (de las Cuevas, Sanz, & de la Fuente, 2003). They instantly became popular due to their action of reducing tension and “inducing mental calmness” (Konopka, Pełka-Wysiecka, Grzywacz, & Samochowiec, 2013, p. 229). However, the awareness of potential dependence and addiction has increased as well. De las Cuevas and colleagues state that many studies have found that a substantial proportion

treatment of PD. The aim of present review is to demonstrate the role of the flavonoids and polyphenols in the treatment of the PD and the mechanism by which they exert beneficial effect. Key Words: Flavonoids; Parkinson’s disease, Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Substantia nigra Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) region of the midbrain (Dauer and Przedborski

Additionally, drug addiction alters the dopamine systems natural levels, and results in the body being unable to balance the levels of dopamine due to the reduction of dopamine available for release. In conclusion, dopamine receptor gene has been attributed to an increase in the propensity for drug addiction, alcoholism, and thrill seeking behavior (Beaver, 2013). Reward Dominance Theory The study of neurology and neurotransmitters has led to the creation of the neurobiological theory known as the

William McKim in chapters 1, 2, 3, 5 and 14 looks at some basic pharmacology, research design and the behavioral analysis of drug effects, tolerance withdrawal, sensitization and conditioning of drug effects, dependence addiction and the self administration of drugs as well as antidepressants and mood stabilizers. A drug in its most basic form is defined as “a substance that alters the physiology of the body” (p. 1) and is comprised of a chemical name, a generic name and trade name. The chemical

vomiting for decades (1, 2). It has also been used for the treatment of migraine (3, 4), gastroparesis (5) and functional dyspepsia (6). DOM is structurally related to butyrophenones. The antiemetic properties of DOM may be attributed to its dopamine (D2) receptor-blocking activity in chemoreceptor trigger zone and at gastric level. As a prokinetic agent, DOM increases esophageal and gastric peristalsis and improves antroduodenal coordination which facilitates gastric emptying (7, 8). It is administered

Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is an alkyl phenol derivative that possesses sedative and hypnotic properties.22 It is a simple phenol substituted with two isopropyl groups in each of the positions adjacent to the hydroxyl group, the ortho positions.23 Administration of propofol, 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg IV produces unconsciousness within about 30 seconds. Awakening is more rapid and complete. The more rapid return of consciousness with minimal residual central nervous system (CNS) effects is one of the