Gadolinium Essays

INTRODUCTION Gadolinium is a shiny silvery white, malleable, ductile, metallic, rare earth element which is located in group 3, f-block, period 6 and classified in the series of lanthanides in the elements of periodic table and has 27 isotopes whose half-lives are known with mass numbers from 137 to 164. This element is considered a rare earth element because there is such a small amount of it, and it is not found often in its simplest form. It was discovered in 1880 by Jean Charles de Marignac where

The element is a ferromagnetic element. Gadolinium is one of the 15 lanthanide elements, also known as Gd on the periodic table. Gadolinium is one of the most magnetic elements and one of the most neutron absorbing elements on the periodic table. There is only one other known element that has an absorbency which is xenon -135 an unstable element

Throughout the novel, The Disappearing Spoon by author Sam Kean, numerous aspects of the chemical world were explored. While the majority of the first nine chapters focused on the formation of the Periodic Table and the natures of its elements, chapters 10 and 11 highlighted the use of elements in the biological realm. Chapters 10 and 11 provided a nice break from the prior chapters in which the author discussed depressing topics of poison and war. While Kean used chapter 10 to discuss the medical

I. Introduction Long ago, since ancient time humans have been using energy and striving for the betterment of themselves, it all began with the use of tools which led to the discovery of fire, from this great breakthrough, humans evolved exponentially. Eons have passed and humans are still using fire to ease their daily lives from cooking, mobility and electricity, but due to the increase in advancement of technologies, it has also increased damages to the planet, thus the governments had started

L4-5 segment. L4-5 is suspected to be a significant pain generator. MRI from 10/2013 has been reviewed and it appears that he may be a candidate for an L4-5 Lateral lumbar interbody fusion. With regards to the surgical options, updated MRI with gadolinium would be needed. Spinal cord stimulator trial has also been discussed as a possible

Tectal plate gliomas are low-grade, benign neoplastic lesions arising predominately in children. The tumor comprises 10-20% of all brain tumors in the pediatric population. They are of neural crest embryological origin and develop from glial cells in the brainstem. This form of astrocytoma is usually spontaneous, with no known associated environmental or genetics risk factors. However, an association between Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and brain stem gliomas have been found. Symptoms are non-specific

INTRODUCTION Anatomy and Physiology of Angiocentic Glioma The most complex part of the body is the brain. It controls muscles movement, behavior, senses and all other functions of the body. The gray matter or cerebral cortex in the brain is the place where all the information is processed. Meanwhile, the cerebral lobe is the main source of intellectual activities. The nerve fibers in the two hemisphere of the cerebral lobe cross over and causing the right side of the cerebrum to control left side

Stalk thickness >2.6 mm is suggestive of pathological infiltration. It shows intense post gadolinium enhancement due to lack of blood brain barrier. It should taper smoothly from largest portion at tuber cinereum to smallest portion at insertion into the neurohypophysis. Abrupt change in size should raise suspicion of a mass The normal pituitary

Perfusion : Perfusion is the process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed in itsbiological tissue. The word is derived from the French verb "perfuser" meaning to "pour over or through"[3]. Tests verifying that adequate perfusion exists are a part of a patient's assessment process that are performed by medical or emergency personnel. The most common methods include evaluating a body's skin color, temperature, condition and capillary refill. Perfusionists employ artificial

Hyperacusis is found to be associated with both peripheral and central factors. Hyperacusis is often accompanied by a cochlear hearing loss, and this usually involves damage to cochlear hair cells and subsequent auditory nerve degeneration. However, annoyance, fear, and pain hyperacusis must involve central mechanisms. Hyperacusis is a co morbid condition of various other medical conditions that are either peripheral or central factors. Hyperacusis is found in Bell’s palsy, Ménière’s disease, perilymph

charge units in the fullerene cage, but this is difficult to determine accurately. Due to its design, metallofullerenes are more stable than normal empty fullerenes up to very high temperatures and have uses in medicine. A metallofullerene with gadolinium is used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging scans and other metallofullerenes may be able to transport radioactive ions to cancerous tissue, providing a

tendon injuries, spinal cord injuries, brain tumors and so on. The whole scanning takes up to 30 minutes. Patients will be first fasting about 4 to 6 hours and then wear a hospital gown any without metal ties. The most common type of contrast (dye) gadolinium would be provided. Mostly it is safe and less to cause allergic reactions. Thus, it is suitable for most of patients including pregnancy as it does not use radiation. The ionizing radiation is harmful if there is repeated

The Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare autoimmune with an estimated annual incidence of one case per million per year. It is characterized by painful ophthalmoplegia (weakness of the eye muscles) and is caused by an idiopathic granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus. While considered a benign condition, permanent neurologic deficits can occur, and relapses are common, often requiring prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome must be carefully differentiated from more malignant

Since the advent of nuclear power in the 20th century, there has been mass proliferation of these ideas instigated for weaponry and energy. During the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, called the Cold War, nuclear power, further became of higher prominence. The first nuclear power plant, was created in Obninsk, Russia in 1954. From then on, the use nuclear reactors, and nuclear power holistically, grew rapidly with its promise to be more efficient than that of the present

the appendix D. Hematoma surrounding appendix 4. ______________is one of the limitations of MRI for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis A. Ionizing radiation B. Low spatial and temporal image resolution C. Patient preparation D.Inability to use gadolinium in pregnant women 5.Choose ONE of the most suitable advantages of MRI for the detection of acute appendicitis. A. Short scanning time B. No patient preparation C. Low contrast resolution D. Can be performed during pregnancy 6. What is the most

Discussion A. Role of bone scintigraphy as a first-line study After the administration of radiopharmaceuticals, tracers travel through bloodstream and reach their own target organs by the guidance of tagging material. When they arrive at their target organs, the uptake mechanism of tracers would be undertaken so the target tissues can be imaged. Their functions can be visualized, as abnormal uptake patterns may be demonstrated in abnormally functioning tissues. Such functional study of tissues

potentially overlapping parts such as WM, GM and CSF.MRI is one of the common ways to visualize brain structure. Automatic segmentation of MR images is very useful for research and clinical study of much neurological pathology. The MRI scan is more reliable than CT scan for diagnosis because it does not affect the human body as it does not use any kind of radiation. MRI shares a common advantage with CT of high spatial resolution images but without ionizing radiation exposure. It possesses good contrast

THREE DIMENSIONAL COLOUR POWER DOPPLER ULTRASOUND The role of three-dimensional color power Doppler is better established. Color power Doppler ultrasound is reported the most sensitive and specific single criterion (sensitivity 97% and specificity 92%), with the highest positive predictive value currently reported for diagnosis. This is the single most reliable diagnostic modality and it increases diagnostic confidence in determining the exact site, depth and extent of invasion. Characteristic findings