Porphyrin Essays

Historical Account 1. PORPHYRINS The word ‘Porphyrin’ is derived from the Greek word ‘Porphura’ which means purple. Rather the Greeks borrowed this term from the Phoenicians, who extracted a purple pigment from purpura mollusks to dye the garments of their royal family. Later, in the Byzantine Empire, the term porphyrogenitos, or "born to the purple", literally meant that the imperial heir was born after the fathers accession to the throne, in a palace room draped in the color. However, those with

of peaks detected at δ –2.74 and –2.93 were attributed to the highly shielded inner N-H groups of porphyrin rings of TPP and TSPP, respectively. The pyrrolic N-H was strongly shielded by the induced ring current (delocalization of π electron ring), known as a diamagnetic anisotropic effect. However, the diamagnetic anisotropic effect caused adverse effect on β-H atoms at the periphery of the porphyrin ring, leading to a substantial shift of their signals in the 1H NMR spectra. As depicted in Figure

PEI by series of peaks matching different polymer compositions (see Fig. 6). RP-HPLC program: 0-5 min 5-30 min 30-35 min 20% MeCN 20-85% MeCN 85-99% MeCN 5-{3-(3-N-polyethyleniminemaleimide)propylamidophenyl}-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfonato-phenyl)porphyrin trisodium salt (TPPS-PEI) (8b) TPPS-Mal (20 mM) in 500 μL of dry DMF was titrated to 500 μL of 40 mM polyethylenimine in dry DMF. After stirring at room temperature for 8 h additional 0.5 ml of 40 mM PEI were added. The solution mixture was kept

Magnesium-containing compounds are necessary for photosynthetic processes in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Plants are green due to the green pigments called chlorophyll which contains a flat planar ring structure called porphyrin. Porphyrin can also be found in cytochromes, haemoglobin, and the oxygen storage myoglobin. Chlorophyll a, the most common form of chlorophyll, is contained within all photosynthetic organisms which absorbs light from violet-blue and orange-red wavelengths

Synthesis of Hb involved the co-ordinate production of heme & globin. As Hb is composed of 4 subunits i.e. two α & two β globin chain & each of this subunit consist of heme group in the center. Heme- regulates reversible binding of oxygen by Hb. Globin- It is a protein surrounding & protecting the heme molecule. Heme synthesis: Heme synthesis is carried out in mitochondria & cytosol of the cell involving cascade of steps :- 1) The first step occurs in mitochondria, where condensation of succinyl-CoA

which is used for carbohydrates such as glucose. Light-dependent reactions, on the other hand, rely on the presence of light energy. The process occurs in the thylakoid and it produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen as a by-product. Chlorophyll contains a porphyrin ring that allows the free movement of electrons to easily gain or lose them. It is the most abundant pigment for photosynthesis as it absorbs light

In thin layer chromatography, the example is separated in the flexible stage dissolvable. The ensuing course of action is then spotted near the base of the rectangular sheet of glass or plastic secured with silica. The sheet is then submerged in a chamber containing a little measure of dissolvable, keeping the spots over the surface of the dissolvable. Once the sheet is set in the chamber, the dissolvable begins to increase on the sheet through thin movement. The covering on the sheet is the staionary

and tissue damage by, hydrogen peroxide that is produced during metabolism. Catalase found in human red blood cells is a complicated chemical consisting of four polypeptide chains with 500 amino acids in each chain. Each peptide chain includes a porphyrin heme group. These are the active components which allow the enzyme to catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. It benefits the society as it is a cheap product that can be bought of shelfs to clean wounds and

Herbal Medicine The WHO has defined that before the invention of modern chemical medicine, people used to use herbal drug for therapeutic practice for centuries. Traditional medicinal drug is the blend of restorative knowledge of eras of honing doctors of indigenous arrangement of medication. Traditional herbal drugs include therapeutic plants, minerals and natural matter and so on. Herbal medications constitute just those conventional medicines which fundamentally utilize as therapeutic plant arrangements

5. Approaches to model cytoplasmic compartmentalization Cytoplasmic viscosity and hinderance to free diffusion has been modelled in three different ways: 5.1 Concentrated Macromolecular solution Early models assumed the cytosol to be an unstructured dense bag of macromolecules. In these cases, the tracer can essentially diffuse only within the space present between the macromolecules. The DCR (Diffusion Coefficient Ratio, η/ηο) for a tracer particle in

History of Phthalocyanine: Phthalocyanine which is not found in nature is derived from the Greek term for naphtha ( rock oil) and cyanine ( dark blue) [1]. The name was first used by Prof Reginald Linstead of the Imperial College Industry. It’s used as a colorant agent in industry because it’s cheap, robust and has an intense absorption at long wavelength of the visible spectrum. The compound was accidentally discovered in 1907 by Braun and Tcherniac who recorded a highly coloured compound after

Introduction Are plants considered to be cooler than humans? Well plants have developed a smarter, cleaner and cheaper way to produce energy. This method is known as photosynthesis which simply converts sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into usable energy (carbohydrates) and oxygen (which is released). Although humans have a variety of energy sources, such as fossil fuels and wind turbines, most of these methods are expensive and harmful. For instance, the burning of fossil fuels increased the amount

Therefore, using solely the active center would make it a more robust catalyst. 3. Enzyme mimetic catalyzed ATRP The first study of this type of catalyst was carried out by Simakova et al.22 They started using hemin which is like the iron surrounded by porphyrin found in HRP, hemoglobin or catalase to polymerize PEGA. However due to its low halidophilicity, low solubility in water and possible incorporation in polymer chains due to its double bonds, controlled polymerization could not be achieved. Addition

The Role of Iron in Human Nutrition Structure, Function and Metabolism of Dietary Iron Iron is a trace element, which is a group of minerals present in small quantities in the body. Other trace elements include copper, zinc, selenium, manganese and iodine. These minerals cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be supplied in the diet. Iron is the most common trace element in the human body; adult males have approximately 3.5 g iron in total, or 50 mg per kg body weight while females

ABSTRACT The Diels-Alder reaction has been an area of great research interest with regards to enhancing enantioselectivity in the reaction by use of various catalysts and reaction conditions. INTRODUCTION In organic chemistry, a Diels-Alder reaction refers to a 4, 2 cycloaddition between a diene consisting of alternating double bonds and a substituted alkene (the dienophile) resulting in a substituted cyclohexene system. The reaction is often used to reliably control regioselective and enantioselective

Herb-Drug Interactions: The use of herbs as a complementary and alternative medicine has increased steadily over the last decade. The WHO (2002) report stated that more than 80% of the world market depending on herbal medicinal products. In Asian countries, approximately 80% population use herbal medicine for promoting health conditions and healing several diseases (Young et al., 2011). In India and China, traditionally herbs are widely used in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) systems

Photosynthesis is the process the energy from sun lights to produce ATP which is used to make sugar such as glucose, sucrose, cellulose, and starch. Photosynthesis involves two different processes, which are light dependent reaction and light independent reaction. Light dependent reaction requires light energy to split water molecules (photolysis) into hydrogen ions (H^+), oxygen (O_2) and electrons to make ATP and the light dependent reaction allows plants to grow and make a waste product (oxygen)

Examples of metalloenzymes are carboxypeptidase which contains a zinc ion involved in hydrolytic digestion of enzyme, hemoglobin containing iron-porphyrin complex functioning as oxygen carrier in human body, hexokinase containing magnesium metal ion, vitamin B12 complex containing cobalt maintaining healthy nerve cells and production of genetic material- DNA and RNA. There upon designing such metalloenzymes