Thermodynamic system Essays

BS1003 – Organic Chemistry Practical 1 Laboratory Report Name: Tristan Chan Yew Kit, U1640436J (T8) Effects of Dichloromethane(DCM) in Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Purpose To investigate the ability for Dichloromethane(DCM), a moderately polar organic solvent, to extract aqueous caffeine molecules, originating from Tea Leaves suspended in water. Introduction Caffeine, defined chemically as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (C8H10N4O2), is an alkaloid that can be found in tea leaves, coffee and many

• Iodine Solution Weigh 7.7g of potassium iodide into a 50cm3 beaker. Use distilled water to help the iodide dissolve. Swirl for a few minutes until the iodide has completely dissolved. Using a funnel to help, pour the potassium iodide into a 500cm3 volumetric flask, make sure all traces of the solution is in the volumetric flask. Using distilled water would be a good method in order to rinse the beaker. Make the solution up to the 500cm3 mark with iodine (1% concentration) • Starch Indicator Solution

exerted by the atmosphere. Hence, the heated gas does work on the balloon. This illustrates the first law of thermodynamics, which is centered on the relationship between heat and work. Besides this, another law of thermodynamics can be seen in the movement of gas particles from a higher temperature reservoir to a lower temperature reservoir. This exemplifies the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the natural flow of heat is always from a higher temperature body to a lower temperature

October 28, 2015 ABSTRACT In Heat of Formation of NaCl(s), two chemical reactions in the form of the neutralization between NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) and the dissolution of NaCl(s) to NaCl(aq) were performed. Calorimetry and the First Law of Thermodynamics were employed to find out the respective enthalpies of the reactions. These two values completed the Table of Thermochemical Equations given and with respect to Hess’s Law, the heat of formation of solid NaCl was computed by adding the enthalpies

The Calorimeter Calorimetry is the science that was first recognized by a Scottish physician and the scientist Joseph Black. It is related with determining the variation in energy of a system by measuring the heat transfer with the surrounding. It is derived from the word calor in Latin, which means the heat and the pressure. Calorimeter is the device used in the calorimetry science to measure the quantity of heat transported from or to an object. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two

Deep water source cooling (DWSC) is a new technology that eliminates the need for conventional air conditioning. It involves using a large body of cool water as a heat sink in a heat exchange system. This technology has applications for areas including massive heat generating building thus it necessitates that these large buildings demanding for air conditions are built near a “deep, cold body of water and payback times are vary depending on the site” (Levi). The city of Toronto is capable of withdrawing

(river, lake, sea, ground water or waste water from industrial applications or sewage). But in my thesis I have used an underground water tank, combined with solar thermal system for heat recharging, as a heat source for water source heat pump to improve the efficiency because the temperatures of the heat source and distribution systems for heating and cooling affect the COP and the capacity of the heat pump. 3.2 Solar Energy Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range

be transferred from one object to another, but the total amount of energy present remains constant. The amount of energy present is never increased or decreased by any process. The present energy can only change by transferred energy to or from the system it is in” (Musiek & Sahley, 2015, p. 67). A great example of this process is heat (thermal) energy. Energy through heat can be transferred by convection, conduction and radiation. A great example is a metal pot sitting on the stovetop. The heat from

Problem: Can the specific heat of an unknown metal be found using calorimetry? Background: Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat based on observing the change of temperature when a body takes in or gives off energy as heat or light. The device used to determine heat associated with a chemical reaction is called a calorimeter. When calorimetry is used it’s information is then put into an equation to find the specific heat of an object. The equation is, SMΔTwater=SMΔTobject. This means that

knowledge and skills in this field and believe that Bridgeport University offers an excellent platform to achieve my academic and career goals. During my undergraduate studies, I was exposed to various aspects of Mechanical Engineering, ranging from thermodynamics and fluid mechanics to design and manufacturing processes. These courses not only provided me with a solid foundation in the fundamentals but also sparked my curiosity to explore deeper into the complexities of the field. I am particularly fascinated

change in enthalpy of 2 reactions using Hess’ Law by using a coffee calorimeter to measure the temperature changes in the sub reactions for MgO and a neutralization reaction. Germain Hess published this law in 1840, which described the first law of thermodynamics. In Hess’ Law, “the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of any intermediate reactions; that is, it is the same whether it takes place in one or several stages”1. The change in enthalpy can be described by the equation: The enthalpy

equation is a mathematical expression which illustrates the effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction and is used to calculate reaction-rate constants\cite{logan}. In the equation, we have $k$ as the reaction-rate constant, R as the thermodynamic gas constant, A as the pre-exponential factor, E$_a$ as the activation energy and finally $T$ as the absolute temperature. Generally, the equation is represented in exponential form: \begin{equation} k = A \exp[-E_a/RT] \end{equation}

from the top product of distillation column in the upstream process, also keeping the temperature at 313.2 K to avoid the crystallization of acetic acid during the process. Therefore, the experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the quaternary system involving methyl acetate + p-xylene + water + acetic acid at a desired temperature and pressure were performed, as shown in Table 2. The data given in Table 2 were shown as mass fraction. The compositions of the feed mixtures for

I became interested in mechanical engineering because it consists of designing machines, devices, such as phones and this includes robotics where students design a functioning robot for competitions. The university I want to study at is Texas A&M University College Station, due to their logical teachings, and it is nationally known for their department of engineering. The life and time spent by mechanical engineers is most of the time studying and traveling to different industries and must also include

Qualitative Analysis Testing on ions- Cations and anions can be identified in various different ways and on different levels. Many Qualitive analysis tests can be done to identify cations and anions through change of temperature and chemical reactions. The ‘Flame test’ is designed to identify a cation in a compound solution through changes of temperature, the cation can be identified by the color of the flame it produces. On the other hand, the ‘Precipitate test’ is designed to identify the anion

What is geothermal energy? : Geothermal energy is thermal (heat) energy that is stored, generated and emanated from the Earth’s core to the Earth’s crust. How is it generated? : The earth core generates geothermal energy through the natural decay of radioactive materials such as Uranium and Potassium. This heat energy is mostly found within magma, which exists below the Earth’s crust. The potential heat energy that exists with the first 100 Kilometers of the Earth’s crust exceeds 500 Kelvin. How

The mathematical relationship that exists between pressure and volume when temperature and quantity are held constant is that pressure is inversely proportional to volume. This relationship is known as Boyle’s Law. P1 x V1 = P2 x V2. When the volume of a container is decreased, when still containing the same amount of molecules, more molecules will hit the sides of the container, thus increasing the pressure. We were asked to graph pressure and the inverse of volume because the graph of pressure

SHORT REPORT/LOG SHEET Table 1. Tensile testing results Testing Laboratory MSE Undergraduate Lab Room 6 Materials used Polystyrene (PS) High-density Polyethylene (HDPE) Aluminium Alloy (Al) Specimen Geometry Dumbell shape Test Temperature (°C) 22 Loading rate (mm/min) 2 Nominal dimensions (mm): width, thickness, gauge length PS: 12.01, 1.99, 60 HDPE: 12.04, 3.00, 60 Al: 12.05, 2.03, 60 Mat./ Spec. Width, mm Breath, mm Pmax, N , MPa , MPaL0, mm Lf, mm Af, mm2 %EL %AR PS 12.01 1.99 1016.64 42 42.537

3.1 ABSTRACT The intermolecular interactions in the N-methylformamide with acetophenone, cyclic ketones (cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone) binary liquid systems are studied in combined experimental and computational methodology. The speed of sound (u), density (ρ) and viscosity ( ) values are measured for binary mixtures of N-methylformamide with ketones over the entire range of mole fraction at temperatures T= (303.15 to 318.15) K, at atmospheric pressure. From the experimental results, the

Basic Principles and Modes of Capillary Electrophoresis Harry Whatley 1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 1.1. Fundamentals of Electrophoresis Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a special technique that uses an electrical field in order to separate the components present in a mixture. Electrophoresis in a capillary can be differentiated from other types of electrophoresis that it is done within the walls of a narrow tube. To understand the functioning of molecules influenced by an electrical