Thermodynamic system Essays

BS1003 – Organic Chemistry Practical 1 Laboratory Report Name: Tristan Chan Yew Kit, U1640436J (T8) Effects of Dichloromethane(DCM) in Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Purpose To investigate the ability for Dichloromethane(DCM), a moderately polar organic solvent, to extract aqueous caffeine molecules, originating from Tea Leaves suspended in water. Introduction Caffeine, defined chemically as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (C8H10N4O2), is an alkaloid that can be found in tea leaves, coffee and many

• Iodine Solution Weigh 7.7g of potassium iodide into a 50cm3 beaker. Use distilled water to help the iodide dissolve. Swirl for a few minutes until the iodide has completely dissolved. Using a funnel to help, pour the potassium iodide into a 500cm3 volumetric flask, make sure all traces of the solution is in the volumetric flask. Using distilled water would be a good method in order to rinse the beaker. Make the solution up to the 500cm3 mark with iodine (1% concentration) • Starch Indicator Solution

exerted by the atmosphere. Hence, the heated gas does work on the balloon. This illustrates the first law of thermodynamics, which is centered on the relationship between heat and work. Besides this, another law of thermodynamics can be seen in the movement of gas particles from a higher temperature reservoir to a lower temperature reservoir. This exemplifies the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the natural flow of heat is always from a higher temperature body to a lower temperature

October 28, 2015 ABSTRACT In Heat of Formation of NaCl(s), two chemical reactions in the form of the neutralization between NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) and the dissolution of NaCl(s) to NaCl(aq) were performed. Calorimetry and the First Law of Thermodynamics were employed to find out the respective enthalpies of the reactions. These two values completed the Table of Thermochemical Equations given and with respect to Hess’s Law, the heat of formation of solid NaCl was computed by adding the enthalpies

The Calorimeter Calorimetry is the science that was first recognized by a Scottish physician and the scientist Joseph Black. It is related with determining the variation in energy of a system by measuring the heat transfer with the surrounding. It is derived from the word calor in Latin, which means the heat and the pressure. Calorimeter is the device used in the calorimetry science to measure the quantity of heat transported from or to an object. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two

Deep water source cooling (DWSC) is a new technology that eliminates the need for conventional air conditioning. It involves using a large body of cool water as a heat sink in a heat exchange system. This technology has applications for areas including massive heat generating building thus it necessitates that these large buildings demanding for air conditions are built near a “deep, cold body of water and payback times are vary depending on the site” (Levi). The city of Toronto is capable of withdrawing

(river, lake, sea, ground water or waste water from industrial applications or sewage). But in my thesis I have used an underground water tank, combined with solar thermal system for heat recharging, as a heat source for water source heat pump to improve the efficiency because the temperatures of the heat source and distribution systems for heating and cooling affect the COP and the capacity of the heat pump. 3.2 Solar Energy Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range

be transferred from one object to another, but the total amount of energy present remains constant. The amount of energy present is never increased or decreased by any process. The present energy can only change by transferred energy to or from the system it is in” (Musiek & Sahley, 2015, p. 67). A great example of this process is heat (thermal) energy. Energy through heat can be transferred by convection, conduction and radiation. A great example is a metal pot sitting on the stovetop. The heat from

Problem: Can the specific heat of an unknown metal be found using calorimetry? Background: Calorimetry is the science of measuring heat based on observing the change of temperature when a body takes in or gives off energy as heat or light. The device used to determine heat associated with a chemical reaction is called a calorimeter. When calorimetry is used it’s information is then put into an equation to find the specific heat of an object. The equation is, SMΔTwater=SMΔTobject. This means that

knowledge and skills in this field and believe that Bridgeport University offers an excellent platform to achieve my academic and career goals. During my undergraduate studies, I was exposed to various aspects of Mechanical Engineering, ranging from thermodynamics and fluid mechanics to design and manufacturing processes. These courses not only provided me with a solid foundation in the fundamentals but also sparked my curiosity to explore deeper into the complexities of the field. I am particularly fascinated

change in enthalpy of 2 reactions using Hess’ Law by using a coffee calorimeter to measure the temperature changes in the sub reactions for MgO and a neutralization reaction. Germain Hess published this law in 1840, which described the first law of thermodynamics. In Hess’ Law, “the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of any intermediate reactions; that is, it is the same whether it takes place in one or several stages”1. The change in enthalpy can be described by the equation: The enthalpy

equation is a mathematical expression which illustrates the effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction and is used to calculate reaction-rate constants\cite{logan}. In the equation, we have $k$ as the reaction-rate constant, R as the thermodynamic gas constant, A as the pre-exponential factor, E$_a$ as the activation energy and finally $T$ as the absolute temperature. Generally, the equation is represented in exponential form: \begin{equation} k = A \exp[-E_a/RT] \end{equation}

from the top product of distillation column in the upstream process, also keeping the temperature at 313.2 K to avoid the crystallization of acetic acid during the process. Therefore, the experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the quaternary system involving methyl acetate + p-xylene + water + acetic acid at a desired temperature and pressure were performed, as shown in Table 2. The data given in Table 2 were shown as mass fraction. The compositions of the feed mixtures for

this case, it is assumed that the pallets were actually arranged and met the NFPA regulations. The NFPA 13_12.12.3 provides guidelines for Idle Pallets Stored on Racks, on Shelves and Above Doors (“NFPA 13 Standard for The Installation of Sprinkler Systems”). Assume the pallet used to carry the stacks is wood, then most wooden pallets would be ≈ 10.1cm high. NFPA requires that each stack should be separated from another stack by either 8 ft. clear space of 25ft. of the permitted material. Thus, thus

Charles Reverand Mrs. Rick Chemistry H 12 March 2018 Determining the Molar Mass of a Gas with Dalton’s Law and Archimedes’ Principle Introduction Archimedes’ principle describes the idea of buoyancy. The principle states that an upward force acts on an object when submerged in a gas or liquid.[1] When the object is at rest, this force, called the buoyant force, is equal and opposite to the force acting downwards on the object.[1] The buoyant force is caused by the pressure of the gas or liquid the

Introduction: The melting point of a pure substance is a characteristic that is physically consistent with each specific substance. When a substance is impure, it causes the melting point to decrease and the range of the melting point to increase. In order to identify a pure substance, it must be purified in order to get an accurate melting point estimation. Purification can be done through crystallization. Crystallization is one of the simplest and most effecting ways to purify a solid. The procedure

ironmongeries set (NEVADOR, June 18). Besides that smoke seals, self-closing and vision panel or known as glazing system have to be take into design considerations. Fire doors sign is a must to have a minimum of 80mm x 80mm of ridged plastic signs in size with 4 screw holes such as fire door keep shut. The latest deadly fire block tower in London shows that the important of fire safety system must be implemented. Britain's government said that the cladding samples from

extra low-temperature heat source. In this investigation, the working performance of the steam ejector mainly includes system COP, cooling capacity and critical condensing temperature [40], Tc*. For the test, the generating temperature, Tg, ranged from 40 °C to 70 °C, and the evaporating temperature, Te, was set at 10 °C and 15 °C, respectively. Figure 3 shows the variation of system COP and cooling capacity with the condensing temperature,

IV. APPLICATIONS A. In manufacturing process Any viscous product that sticks to its packaging will also, similarly stick to the containers and equipment used in the manufacturing process. LiquiGlide will eliminate this waste, resulting in significant cost savings. LiquiGlide can be applied to many components along the line to stop adhesion, including containers, pipes, mixing tanks, funnels, hoppers and moulds. 1) Reduce cleaning and increase production: For many products, entire shifts are dedicated

themselves from attack. Any person can use it in case of another person became loud, abusive or started throwing objects. It’s helpful to maintain safety. Moreover, trained volunteers staff can respond to this code, which can be started by using phone system or pressing an alarm button. A. Horizontal Violence It is a systematic health harming mistreatment of one or groups (targets) by one or more perpetrators which can be verbal, behavioral or sabotage. It occurs over time and considered as workplace