Stimulants and Depressants How do stimulants and depressants affect a Lumbriculus worm? These questions are answered with the Lumbriculus worm lab. Stimulants and depressants affect the system in different ways. Stimulants make neurons fire faster, and depressants make neurons fire slower. The nervous system of a Lumbriculus worm is very exposed and visible, so different plants and herbs were tested to see how it would affect the heart rate of the Lumbriculus worm. This is important because before potentially harmful products are tested on humans, they should be tested on the worms. First, a pre-test hypothesis (Pau D’Arco is a stimulant) is made about what a certain extract (Pau D 'Arco) will do to the worms heart rate. A worm was chosen and put into a cup of conditioned (unchlorinated) water to sit for ninety seconds. The worm was very squirmy and active during the ninety seconds. It was put on a slide, and three separate tests were taken to determine the control group heart rate. The same worm (for a control variable) was placed in a forty percent mixture of Pau D’Arco (independent variable) and water for ninety seconds. Then, the worm’s heart rate (dependant variable) was recorded as before on a slide with beats per thirty seconds. As a result, the hypothesis …show more content…
They either make hearts rates slower or faster depending on if it is a stimulant or depressant. As shown in the data below, Pau D’Arco has varying results. Upon further research, Pau D’Arco is actually a stimulant proving the hypothesis wrong. It also could have been due to the worm dying in between tests, but it is impossible to prove that theory right. The data collected may not be the most reliable since the two test had two different worms, and that might cause two different reactions to the chemicals. Some challenges in this experiment were getting the worm onto the slide, and recording data while conducting the
The process was replicated by thirty groups and the following process was kept constant by each group. Thirty daphnia of various sizes were measured through the aid of a light microscope and micrometer scale. These daphnia were then placed into a tank containing a single bluegill fish, which had been kept unfed for a constant amount of times. When the bluegill fish had eaten ten of the thirty daphnia placed in the tank, it was immediately removed from the tank and placed in a beaker containing a narcotic based anesthetic poison. Following the death of the fish, as indicated by the complete halting of its movement the fish, the fish was dissected in order to remove the eaten daphnia and once again measure them using a light microscope.
Introduction The bean beetle also known as the Callosobruchus maculatus, is an agricultural pest insect from Africa and Asia. That can be found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. The lifecycle of a bean beetles is quite short an adult been beetle lays their eggs on the external surface of a bean. The larva hatches from the egg burrows from the egg through the seed coat and into the bean endosperm without moving outside the protection of the egg.
After allowing the worms to be treated for fifteen minutes, they were briefly rinsed and placed in the viewing chamber to measure their pulsation rate. This was done three times for each worm to calculate a mean rate for first level of treatment, 3.0 mM of caffeine. The same procedure was repeated for part II of the lab, however; a different set of three worms were treated with nicotine and all the means were collected to calculate the standard deviation of each
The following experiment determines the effects of 50 ml tobacco extract on the heart rate of a crustaceans Daphnia Magna. Daphnia represents a small group of aquatic crustaceans, also known as “water fleas”, with clear exoskeletons, which makes studying their heart rate effortlessly. The heart rate can be observed using a microscope and counted under varying conditions. (Pritchard, J. B.) In this case, changing the type and concentration of natural plant substances reveals the effects of the plant defense mechanisms on the specimen of Daphnia Magna.
In this experiment, Pill bugs were exposed to different environments within a closed space and observed to determine which environment they preferred. The four different environments tested consisted of flowers, dirt, grass, and an empty space. Ten pill bugs were placed within the shoe box and observed for a total of 15 minutes to determine what environment the bugs preferred. The independent variables were the different conditions in each section of the shoe box, while the dependent variable was the behavior the pill bugs displayed. Throughout the experiment, the control variable was the empty section of the shoe box.
If I had a chance to do any of these experiments again, I would choose to go more into depth for the dampness experiment. I would hold the experiment for a longer time period so that I can prove that if the mealworms were allowed to remain on the damp surface for excessive amount of time, the amount of dampness would become harmful to the mealworms as their bodies might start to rot and get infected. If I were to do the food experiment again, I would worms in the soil before putting the food into the container. I would do this because when I gave the worms a thin slice of apple (not part of experiment), they all came up to the surface of the soil to eat the apple. I could tell that the worms ate the apple because on the next day, only the skin
According to Hunter, both fentanyl and loperamide are opioids, but fentanyl is a very strong painkiller which is up to 100 times more potent than morphine, which can cause drug dependence. Loperamide does not cause euphoric effects unless taken in extra large doses. In kratom-related deaths, experts cannot precisely determine if the herb alone caused it because the people took something else after kratom consumption. “Cases of mixing kratom, other opioids, and other types of medication is extremely troubling because the activity of kratom at opioid receptors indicates there may be similar risks of combining kratom with certain drugs, just as there are with FDA-approved opioids,” said Dr. Scott Gottlieb, Commissioner of the US FDA. People who are taking kratom may experience one or more adverse effects such as nervousness, nausea and vomiting, sweating, itching, lethargy, and aggressive behavior.
This question requires knowing the Beadle and Tatum’s experiment with Neurospora crassa and the results. Neurospora crassa, which is a type of bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota, has provided a rich source of knowledge on “biosynthetic pathways.” Neurospora crassa was perfect substance for biosynthetic pathway experiment. Because it was cheap, easy to grow, and more importantly it is haploid for most of its life. Since Neurospora crassa is haploid, there exists only one copy of each gene so that researchers don’t need to consider about dominant and recessive alleles.
But, after retesting the experiment they realized that was not the case. Only the presence of the mouse seem to stop the elephant in their tracks. The independent variables in this experiment were the methods (such as the elephant dung, the string, the mouse) used as well as the breed of the elephant and mouse. The dependent
K&U5- Diagnosis of malaria Early and accurate detection of malaria is required to make sure that the patient is treated in time and also to prevent further spread of infection within the neighbourhood through local mosquitoes. If diagnosis and treatment is delayed, it may increase the chance of death of the patient, therefore malaria should be treated as a possible medical emergency and health practitioners should know how to diagnose and treat malaria instantly. A health practitioner should know what the signs and symptoms are of a patient infected with malaria.
( this is an analysis that is done by a Toxicologist).
Important tapeworm parasites of humans Zainab Waseem Tapeworms are the parasites in the gut of vertebrates or in derivatives of the gut, as in bile ducts of the liver or in intestinal caeca of birds. Although most species of cestods or tapeworms parasitize wild animals but few of infect humans and animals, therefore they are of specific interest. All the tapeworms that parasitize and infect humans belong to the orders of Pseudophyllidea and Cyclophyllidea. Tapeworm infection Tapeworm infection is caused by consuming food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae.
Corotto, F., Ceballos, D., Lee, A., & Vinson, L. (2010). Making the Most of the Daphnia Heart Rate Lab: Optimizing the Use of Ethanol, Nicotine & Caffeine. The American Biology Teacher , 176-179. The purpose of this article was to test the effects of chemicals on Daphnia magna.
Background: Explain on the cellular level how dropping warm Ringers solution on the frog’s heart would affect the cells of the SA node. Dropping warm Ringers solution on the frog’s heart would increase the heart rate because the calcium channels open faster. Explain on the cellular level how dropping warm Ringers solution on the frog’s heart would affect the cells of the contractile muscle of the ventricles. Dropping warm Ringers solution on the frog’s heart would increase the heart rate because the actin binds to the myosin more quickly due to the calcium channels opening faster leading to faster contraction of the heart.
Eugenol at the concentrations of 0.2 -20 µm is suggested to be able to produce a dose dependent and reversible vasodilator response that are partially dependent on the endothelium (24). EUG has also found to have a preventive effect on dopamine depression and lipid peroxidation, which can protect depression induced by 6-hydroxyl dopamine (OHDA). Eugenol has prevented depression by decreasing lipid peroxidation and stimulating reduced glutathione (GSH) may lead to a protecting effect (25). TOXICITY of EUGENOL Eugenol is considered safe as a food additive but due to the wide range of different applications and also the extensive use and availability of clove oil; there is a great concern about its toxicity in recent years.