Importance of microsatallites for identity testing and disease diagnosis :
Microsatallites :
- Microsatellites are di, tri, or tetra nucleotide tandem repeats in DNA sequences. The number of repeats is variable in populations of DNA and within the alleles of an individual.
Importance microsatallites for identity testing :
- Microsatellites can be used as markers in genetic studies of linkage in families and linkage disequilibrium studies of populations. In linkage studies one can examine large number of families and see when the alleles of specific markers are inherited together with a phenotype in more cases than not. Microsatellite repeat are amplified with fluorescently labeled primers and then the alleles from each individual in a family
…show more content…
As a result of the above features, microsatellites can be used for personal identification, population genetic analysis and construction of evolutionary trees. In addition, they are located in several important gene loci and this allows microsatellites to be used as markers of disease and to provide information about individual gene status, especially in tumors. This can be accomplished by assessing allelic imbalance or loss of heterozygosity of a particular gene by analysingmicrosatelliteslocated at specific loci in the gene. Recently, mutations within microsatellites have been described as a result of defective DNA repair mechanisms, resulting in the phenomenon of microsatellite instability. This has been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of several hereditary and non-hereditary conditions. There are several ways of analysingmicrosatellites, the popular using radioactively-labelled primers and autoradiography. This method has several drawbacks, especially the use of radioactivity and interpretative/technical problems. The use of fluorescently-labelled primers, automated DNA sequencing coupled with a computer software package obviates these problems. This technique has the added advantage of analysing several microsatellites in large numbers of cases, simultaneously. Thus, microsatellite analysis has become an important investigative tool for the molecular biologist and has provided new information in many
Retrieving this amount of data is both exhausting and time consuming. A short cut has been found that scientist use to analyze smaller segments of DNA. Short tandem repeats (STR) are segments of DNA sequences that are repeated. (BIO) The span of each STR differs from one person to the next.
The Solid sequencing platform, produced by Technologies/Applied Biosystems (ABI), performs sequencing by ligation method. Similar like the Roche 454 library preparation, genomic double strand DNA were sheared into small pieces and ligated with two types of adatptors P1 and P2 on two ends. One end with P1 adaptor binds onto the surface of the magnetic bead and emulsion PCR takes place to amplify single nucleotide fragment. Then the oil was washed out and four fluorescent labeled di-bases probes were added into the beads mixture. By matching the 1st and 2nd position of the template by di-base probes, fluorescence was detected and the extra tail with fluorescent probe is cleaved out.
DNA analysis could also be used in paternity cases to find out who the father/mother is. The child will have half the bands from the mother the other half from the father. Since the evidence was individual, the DNA matched only one person, Hector Hawk. This evidence is useful in the case because DNA from blood does not randomly get to the crime scene without the person being there. The blood was left behind after the victim was killed and cannot follow Locard's exchange principle because the blood is a liquid and cannot simply be traveled or exchanged by
Discussion PV92 Gel Electrophoresis Results: Through the usage of gel electrophoresis the correct allele for each sample was able to be determined. Lanes one through three in the gel,were the positive control lanes they contained the PCR cocktail and a known high-quality template for the PCR reaction. First lane contained the sample with the +/+ allele, which had two copies of the ALU repeat allele. The first lane had a band at about 941 base pairs.
Microevolution refers to the change of a gene frequently within a specific species. Such changes may be accomplished by natural selection as a specific trait may become favourable in a set of environmental conditions. This trait may help the species survive and is therefore passed onto offspring and becomes more frequent in the species. Evolution on this scale can be observed over short periods of time. For example, when there is a chemical change in an environment and the species adapt to be better suited to this change, this is considered microevolution.
Reactions were performed in a 96-well DNA thermo cycler (Eppendorf Mastercycler, Germany) using the following reaction mixture: • 2.0 μl of genomic DNA (10 ng/μl) • 1.5 μl of 10x PCR buffer (NH4 Reaction buffer, Bioline) • 1.5 μl of dNTPs (0.2 mM) • 0.9 μl of 50 mM MgCl2 (Bioline) • 0.9 μl of each forward and reverse primer (2 mM) • 0.15 μl (5 u/μl) of Taq DNA (Bioline, Australia) • 7.15 μl of
Polymorphic Markers in Sailfin Molly at the STR5 Loci Introduction The purpose of this laboratory report is the explain and analyze the process used to determine the heterozygosity and the allele frequency of the SFMSTR5 loci in Sailfin molly, or Poecilia latipinna. Sailfin molly are a species of fish that inhabit fresh and saltwater bodies of water from South Carolina to Texas. The Sailfin molly examined in this experiment were collected from two different locations in Florida. The fish collected in one location are classified as a single population and the fish collected in the second location are classified as a second population.
Some of these errors include the excessive addition of the mutant undigested DNA to the MU tube in which the entire sample of the DNA (approximately 4 µL) was added instead of 2.5 µL. The next experimental error was the underloading of the DNA samples into the wells. When the DNA was put into the well, all of the DNA were underloaded and after the gel undergone electrophoresis, bands were not present. As seen in Figure 2a in the results section, only bands for the marker were shown and the rest were not shown. Comparing this to the expected results reveals that there was an error in this phase of the experiment. Due to the fact that we have no bands present and are thus unable to compare them the expected results, a number of other factors could have gone wrong as well.
3. Was there a particular DNA testing, the type of DNA or procedure that was used more often than others in the
4. Molecular Diagnosis Parasite nucleic acids are identified by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Even though this technique may be somewhat more susceptible than microscopy, it is of restricted effectiveness for the diagnosis of acutely ill patients in the standard healthcare setting. PCR results are often not obtainable rapidly enough to be of value in establishing the diagnosis of malaria infection. PCR is mostly beneficial for verifying the species of malarial parasite after the diagnosis has been recognized by either microscopy or RDT.
What is the term for the random arrangement of homologous pairs of chromosomes during the first division of meiosis? Independent Assortment 5. What role does the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) play in producing a DNA Profile? PCR amplifies the regions of DNA with short tandem repeats and uses primers with fluorescent labels. This works by replicating the region of DNA several times.
In this three-week long experiment conducted in the Bio 13 Lab, we were able to analyze a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in our own genomic DNA and then determine our genotype at this specific SNP. In week one, we extracted genomic DNA from our cheek cells with swabs and prepared our DNA for PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that would amplify the region with the intended SNP of interest. After one week and after the PCR was run outside of the lab section, the resulting PCR product was purified and treated with restriction enzyme Ahdl in order to prepare for the final analysis of our genotypes. In the third and final week of the project, we analyzed our PCR products by means of agarose gel electrophoresis. By the conclusion of the experiment, we had completed the analysis at the SNP of interest and determined our genotypes for this SNP.
Finally, the amplified DNA regions are compare using a gel. DNA Profiling
The major disadvantage with respect to identification based on bones is the bones of one person cannot be found during exhumations of bodies from mass graves, especially where multiple graves are made and the remains are quite mixed, and same as that occurs in archaeological excavations where the materials occur in same place comes from different time periods. Thus the teeth and the scull remains the real material for definite identification (11) DNA analysis, has several disadvantages in terms of its high cost, lack of materials and inconvenience cases of mass