ABSTRACT
There are large numbers of bulk drug manufacturing industries and these pharmaceutical industries use large amount of water and generate considerable quantity of waste water. Most of the pharmaceutical industries use batch wise operation. Pharmaceutical industry uses conventional method such as adsorption, aeration, etc. which are not successful in reducing the contaminants as the waste of these industries are very toxic in which bacteria used in aeration cannot survive. So, we need to develop alternate method which can reduce the concentration of contaminants. Pharmaceutical wastewater contains high chemical oxygen demand which cannot be treated using conventional treatment. So, work will be done to find proper advanced treatment which can meet the discharge norms. Further work will be done on factors affecting such as pH, total dissolved solid, TiO2 concentration, etc.
Introduction
1.1 General
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The removal of these contents from the pharmaceutical wastewater has been a big task of the most industrial park wastewater treatment plants.
Currently, society is increasingly more aware of the environmental issues caused by the majority of human activities and has been adopting legislative measures to mitigate, at least partially, the situation. Among all the solutions being considered, the conservation of water resources presents a huge importance since they are limited and indispensable for our lives and the sustainability of the environment. As a result of the rapid human and economic development, excessive use and contamination, water supply has suffered an alarming deterioration in almost every region of the
Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the stoichiometric relationship between the testing agents and to identify the products formed. The relationship was found by completing three acid and base neutralization reactions using phosphoric acid, which is a triprotic acid, with different volumes of sodium hydroxide. Introduction Procedure Phosphoric acid solution with a volume of 1.00 mL and a molarity of 6.00 M was transferred into a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask using a volumetric pipette.
Water pollution has been one of the biggest ecological issues in the United States for many years. Although there are many efforts that are working to improve this ongoing problem, the situation still is the biggest ecological issue facing America. Indiana, one of the most polluted states, houses many heavily polluted rivers, including the Wabash River, White River, Eel River, Eagle Creek, and Patoka. The White River, the most polluted among Indiana’s rivers, runs through the center of Indianapolis. White River pollution is the greatest ecological problem in Indiana because of its detrimental effects on wildlife, drinking water, and the environment.
Written in 1968, Garrett Hardin presented a compelling formulation of the population problem. In his classic piece, “The Tragedy of the Commons”, a commons is a natural resource shared by many individuals. Shared means that each individual does not have a claim to any part of the resources but rather to the use of a portion of it for his/her own benefits (Hardin, G., 2009). In society today, there are several tragedies of the commons as described by Hardin and one of the focused attention was the ever increasing population.
Most of society is unaware that unused drugs should be returned to the pharmacy for proper disposal, but a lack of awareness contributes to this problem. The findings here contribute to the need of systematic change to how these drugs are produced, used, and disposed. Drug companies need to make these drugs with disposal in mind, government regulations and accountability of hospitals and individuals need to improve and water treatment facilities will need to address this contamination. The first two steps to reduce the contamination and the water treatment facilities address the rest of it. Much of the research are being done now is for
Currently in the 21st century, there are many different issues arising among very diverse categories. One major issue which is currently emerging is the contamination and depletion of our water resources throughout America. Throughout the news, one is bound to see a story on the Flint Michigan water crisis, however, this is not the first case of water contamination occurring in the United States. In the United States, contaminated water can be found from Florida all the way to California. Not only are some of these water sources considered unsafe, but also the limited amount freshwater source are also being depleted at alarming rates.
2. Experimental 2.1. Chemicals Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) (99.99%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Absolute ethanol (≥99.99%) was purchased from Merck Millipore (Germany).These reactants and the models pollutants HCOOH and phenol were obtained from Acros Organics and used without further purification. Commercial TiO2 P25 was obtained from Evonik.
Pharmacists can work on this matter, for example in Malaysia, making an appointment with pharmacists, and they will collect the expired and unused medicines. On the other hand, the presence of antibiotics in wastewater has created alerts, as the treatment of wastewater may be altered by the antimicrobials and consequently lead to the production of antimicrobial resistance bacteria. Based on this issue, FIP generated a report called “Green Pharmacy Practice” stating that pharmacists should receive the responsibility to a certain extend to amend the whole medication-use procedure. This is aimed to decrease metabolic waste being disposed to the
The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the P content in a wastewater sample and to test the efficiency of 2 different methods for P removal from wastewater. To analyze the P content in a wastewater sample, standard P solution is made and calibration curve is generated and phosphate concentration in wastewater is determined by using calibration curve that is generated. To determine the concentration of P, vanadomolybdophosphoric acid spectrophotometric method is used. The predominating form of phosphate is dependent on pH. H₃PO₄ ⇌ H₂PO₄⁻ + H⁺ pKₐ=2.12 H₂PO₄⁻ ⇌ HPO₄²⁻ + H⁺ pKₐ=7.25 HPO₄²⁻ ⇌ PO₄³⁻ + H⁺ pKₐ=12.7
However, the flow rate of 25 mL/min was chosen to be the optimum because it makes the removal process higher. These results accord with the findings of Coelho et al. (2006), who investigated the photo-Fenton treatment of a petroleum refinery
To investigate the effect of agitation time and feed concentration on percentage removal of phenol batch experiments were carried out at room temperature in the range of 100 to 700 mg/l of initial feed concentration and the results are shown in Fig. 2.Experimental conditions used were agitation speed of 200rpm, biosorbent dosage 0.15 g and pH 7.From figure it is observed that with increase in agitation time from 0 to 2 days, the percentage removal increased from 8% to 98%.Phenol adsorption from bulk liquid to biosorbent is high when the agitation time was increased. This leads to a higher adsorption of phenol on the biosorbent surface and it could reach an equilibrium beyond which percentage removal may not increase. In the present study equilibrium is reached at 4 days.
The studies using the experimental designs showed the relevance of this methodology [22]. Several studies have used AOPs for the degradation of antibiotics, but the application of Full factorial method for designing the experiment by Fenton process has not yet been reported. In In this work, we was performed the optimization of the degradation of CIP in aqueous solution by Fenton process, by using a 24 factorial experimental design. Four factors were chosen to build the full factorial design with two levels. The effects of factors and their interaction and suitability of the chosen model with the response have been studied.
Water is very important to protract civilization (Gleick, 1998; Vitousek et al., 1997), but with a rising global human population, and alteration in weather types as a result of climate change, there are extending concerns and issues with quality and quantity of water for human use. The major topic of concerns is increasing incidences of microbial and chemical pollution in water (Schwarzenbach, et al., 2010; Vorosmarty et al., 2000). This becomes a serious health hazard if the drinking water is contaminated by any types of contaminant. The bacterial contamination is the most numerous type of contamination present in drinking water. This contaminated drinking water can cause gastro-intestinal illness.
From the beginning of the eighteenth century, technology has allowed us to live a comfortable and affluent life. The Industrial Revolution had widely spread technology around the world; however, as a result of the revolution, our planet has been affected a lot. It caused many pollution problems such as air pollution, water pollution, and marine pollution. Those pollutions are one of the most serious issues and some organizations and governments have already started to work toward those problems. Unfortunately, plastic pollution in the ocean has not been recognized as an urgent problem.
LITERATURE REVIEW What is water pollution? As the country is becoming more and more populated, the demands for social services have increased significantly. This has led to an increase of the pollution in many developing towns such as Ga-kgapane. The most disturbing and problematic forms of pollution in Ga-kgapane is the pollution of the natural streams. Water pollution is when there is a build of one or more substances in water to such an extent that it causes problems for animals or plants.
Water is the most important component found on the surface of the earth because it is source of life for living creatures. However, water pollution has become a global concern. Water pollution can have several forms from diverse sources. It is expected that there will be a lack of clean water in next few decades due to pollution. Nile river water in Egypt is the focus of attention of many studies due to many reasons.