Pyelonephritis Research Paper

to duodenum, urine flow from kidneys to bladder, etc. This mechanism is also involved in

The purpose of this lab was to use chemical and physical tests to identify indicators of disease in synthetic urine samples. This lab tested samples for protein levels, glucose levels, and pH levels. In a normally functioning individual, proteins cannot pass through the glomerulus; therefore proteins should not be found in urine. However, in the nephrons of individuals with Bright’s Disease, the glomerulus no longer stops all proteins from entering the urine (Giuseppe et al., 2002, pp. 357–358). Bright’s Disease is characterized by a change in the permeability of the glomerulus, which allows proteins to pass through and since the nephron has no way of reabsorbing proteins they are passed into the urine (Giuseppe et al., 2002,

Pyelonephritis can be defined as an acute sudden, and severe bacterial infection (an infection caused by the abundant growth of bacteria) of the kidney’s (organs that play a role in regulating fluid balance, and also filter out waste in the blood through the urine). Although this is an acute (experiences at a severe or dangerous degree) disease (a disorder of a structure or function in the human body) it can be very harmful to the body. Just the acute form of pyelonephritis can start in the lower urinary tract (where the urine is produced and discharged out of the body), such as in the bladder (where urine is collected to be excreted) and end up traveling to the kidney’s, causing the kidneys to swell (to become inflamed) and can actually cause renal scarring (thick, irregular scars that are a characteristic of pyelonephritis) if not treated properly.

Human body and its health problems had been unknown for centuries until the evolution of the medical field in the late 1800s which lead to a rise in the average life expectancy from thirty six to a sweeping seventy eight. Then specialists started to identify the structure and the function of each organ. That’s when they found how important some organs as well as the human body cannot work properly without it. The kidney is one of those organs due to how fundamental it can

Acute cystitis is bladder inflammation and is the usual site of UTIs. Bacteria, fungus, and parasites may cause infections, however, acute cystitis is typically caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Staphylococcus

The study population included 832 patients hospitalized in five different ICUs (Keten et al, 2014, 277). A hundred and one patients who developed 126 attacks of catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) were accounted for in the study sample. Out of the 101 patients, 85 experienced at least one attack of CAUTI, 7 experienced two attacks of CAUTI, and 6 experienced three or more attacks of CAUTI. Out of the 101 patients who developed a CAUTI, 49 (48.5%) were female and 52 (51.5%) were male. About 54.5% of the patients were aged 65 years or older (Keten et al, 2014,

According to Kaufman, & Ingrid (2015), a need assessment is a systematic process for investigating the current practices and to determining the best practices. A gap analysis is a strategic tool to help an organization to understand where the company is and where you would like to see the business be. Furthermore, a gap analysis is the present state of doing something to a desired state, and to learn the steps to undertake to improve that state. During my clinical preceptorship at New York Presbyterian Hospital, many patients that came into the hospital with urinary retention a catheter was inserted to determine the amount of urine in their bladder or post-void residual (PVR). Many patients later developed pain and a urinary tract infection or Community Acquired Infection secondary to frequent cauterization. Therefore, the gap identified was related to a knowledge deficit of the current practice that inserting a

Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic or hereditary disorder in which clusters of cysts develop within your kidneys. Cysts are round sacs containing water-like fluid. Over time, these cysts will enlarge, multiply and damage the kidneys which can lead to kidney failure. Kidneys are usually the most severely affected organs from this disease, but cysts can also develop in your liver, pancreas, spleen, ovaries, and large bowel. Polycystic kidney disease can also affect the brain and heart. PKD is the fourth leading cause of kidney failure. This disease is found in all races occurs equally in men or woman and causes about 5% of all kidney failure.

Health care associated infections (HAI) are one of the most common issues in hospital settings. These types of infections are not present during hospital administration but instead appear 48-72 hours after hospitalization. Common healthcare associated infections include bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia and surgical site infections. One of the most prevalent of these infections is a urinary catheter associated infection.

A thirty-five-year-old married man with four children is suffering from the end-stage of kidney failure. All do to suffering years with chronic renal inadequacy and kidney disease. He is currently on dialysis, which has improved his health significantly to where he can function well and can expect to remain about the same while on it (Grisez, 1997, question 50).

This bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can have a big effect to those who have cancer, since they have a low immune system. Like any other bacteria, this infection does not only have specific symptoms, but multiple regarding the place it comes in contact with. When it is in contact with a wound green, covered pus can be noticeable. This can have a severely impact to the person causing pneumonia. Overall, researchers have found similar effects to other places it comes in contact with, some being fever, nausea, and fatigue. When it comes in contact with our bloodstream it can cause symptoms; such as, chills, confusion, and hallucination. This bacteria may cause pneumonia if it gets severe, which includes symptoms as difficulty breathing and cough with bloody mucus. Having a urinary tract can be painful, and leads to an urge to urinate frequently and bloody urine. Ear infection causes hearing loss and disorientation. One of the main things this bacteria is known for doing is resisting frequently used antibiotics. Some type of medications used to treat P. aeruginosa is gentamicin and carbenicillin. Researchers are looking for an antibiotic and vaccine to resist this bacterium, but none has been in luck so

Treatment of acute pyelonephritis requires antibiotics. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) is used in cases when susceptibility in pyelonephritis is unknown (Colgan et al., 2011). The urine culture could take a couple of days to come back; therefore trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole would be an appropriate medication. Dosage for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is 160 mg/800 mg and the medication is taken twice daily for two weeks (Colgan et al., 2011). Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole works by inhibiting the microbial synthesis of folic acid (Church, Fitzgerald, Walker, Gibb, & Prendergast, 2015). Folic acid is an important cofactor in the production of thymide and purines (Church et al., 2015). Separately, sulfamethoxazole works to inhibit the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, whereas trimethoprim inhibits tetrahydrofolic acid production (Church et al.,

Urinary retention should be managed by way of instant and decompression of the bladder by means of catheterization. Regular transurethral catheters are comfortably to be had and can normally be with ease inserted. If urethral catheterization unsuccessful or contraindicated, the sufferer will have to be referred instantly to a healthcare professional educated in evolved catheterization approaches, corresponding to placement of a corporation, angulated code catheter or a suprapubic catheter. (Hinkle & Cheever,

As a nursing student, I need to ensure I am performing my tasks, including perineal care, to the highest standard, and addressing areas of concern that I observe during my shifts. As mentioned by Marshall & Bailey (2008), incontinence can greatly impact the quality of life of a patient, as well as increases their risk of potential perineal skin breakdown. Improper perineal care following incontinence can lead to painful skin irritation, UTIs, and pressure sores. Frequent monitoring, and management of incontinence are the first steps in appropriate management. Seeing as I was diligent in observing and reporting the incident of improper perineal care, I was able to follow these crucial first steps in preventing a potential UTI in this geriatric patient. Even with being observant and watching for the obvious signs and symptoms of a UTI, it is important we also are aware that UTIs can be symptomatic or asymptomatic (Hälleberg Nyman, Johansson, Persson & Gustafsson, 2011). Signs and symptoms of a UTI can include frequent pain and/or burning during urination, polyuria, increased urgency, nocturia, hematuria, incontinence, and suprapubic, back, or pelvic pain (Paul, Day & Williams, 2016). UTIs need to be treated promptly to prevent renal damage, and/or potential septic shock. We also need to be aware of the different risk factors that