Thyroid Hormone Report

Crystalyn Poppert BIO202- Amy Bell September 1, 2015 Endocrine Written Assignment 1.) The different methods of intercellular signaling are gap junctions, local/paracrine hormones, and endocrine hormones. Gap junctions are direct connections that permit electrical and chemical signals to pass between cells. Tunnels that directly link cells. For example, the heart allows ions to flow directly from one heart cell to another.

Exercise 4, Activity 2: Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus By: Kelsey Clark Anatomy & Physiology II–CL7 Dr. Bruner February 20, 2018 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The endocrine system helps regulate homeostasis by producing and secreting hormones. When talking about Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus, the endocrine organ that is involved is the pancreas. The pancreas produces Glucagon and Insulin.

The PTH helps control the calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood stream. So, without the secretions of the PTH, the human body will slowly start to shut down. Consequently, the parathyroid hormone is not ‘awake’ like the rest of the body is. Hypoparathyroidism can be triggered by “something that develops in childhood” or the adult life (Hypoparathyroidism). It can even be congenital, meaning, someone can be born with this disorder, or it can be inherited (Hypoparathyroidism). A baby, if born prematurely, can have hypoparathyroidism, which is called transient (Hypoparathyroidism). But, in some rare cases, a baby who is healthy and born on time can develop hypoparathyroidism because the PTH, while in the womb, was not secreting throughout

By acting in different parts of the body, hormone and its derivatives, such as dihydrotestosterone, determine secondary sexual characteristics (hair growth on the face and body, a deep voice, a thick skin, the possibility of baldness, more developed musculature). During puberty, hormonal change is characterized by the appearance of acne, a jump in the overall physical development and an increase of male sex organs. Normally, for the adult male, the hormone testosterone ranges from 4 to 9 mg per day. What does restrain the increase of testosterone level? Firstly, it is the alcohol, which lowers the male sex hormone synthesis.

The adrenal cortex is responsible for secreting corticosteroids and hormones such as: • Cortisol enables the control the body 's use of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as well as suppresses inflammatory reactions in the body • Aldosterone which regulates the level of sodium and potassium in the body and helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure. Aldosterone is regulated by complex feedback mechanisms involving sodium and potassium levels as well as blood volume. • Androgenic steroids which are hormones that are converted elsewhere in the body to female hormones (estrogens) and male hormones (androgens) The adrenal medulla is responsible for helping the body cope with emotional and physical stress and secretes hormones such as: • Epinephrine which helps the body to respond to a stressful situation by increasing the heart rate and force of heart contractions, facilitating blood flow to the muscles and brain, causing the relaxation of smooth muscles, helping with conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and other activities.

To begin the word, “endocrine,” comes from two Greek words the first of which being, “Endo,” meaning within and, “crinis,” meaning to secrete. What a gland generally does is it will remove substances from its specific location, process them, then secretes a new chemical to be used somewhere else in the body. This secretion is what we call hormones and these hormones are typically constantly circulating through the body. Even though these hormones are constantly flowing around the body, though each hormone is used to target a certain organ or tissue. If the body is in need the endocrine system can receive extra hormones from organs that have a secondary endocrine function.

Chapter 43 and 45 Nervous and Endocrine System 1. Discuss how the endocrine and nervous systems become involved when a student feels stress – such as that associated with an upcoming exam. (4 points). The Hypothalamus begins the body’s response to stress by sending a polypeptide hormone to the pituitary gland, which allows for it to release ACTH to work with the adrenal medulla.

INTRODUCTION The pituitary gland is a central endocrine organ that regulates basic physiological functions incuding growth, reproduction and metabolic homeostasis. It situates at the base of the brain, under the optic chiasm, inside a depression on the upper surface of the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica1 (Fig.1). Fig. 1

As soon as the melatonin produced, it is released into the circulation. The pineal gland is therefore without the storage function as genuine hormonal glands have. Long-term intake of melatonin does not result in any reduction of tallkottkörtels production, which is the rule for genuine hormones. - Melatonin is found in all living organisms, in greater amounts in many foods. During the intake of these are melatonin in the body.

Most of the calcium that people have is located in their urine. Once someone releases their urine, a lot of the calcium is flushed out of the body, putting a drastic decrease in the levels. This is the case for people who are diagnosed with hypoparathyroidism. Once the body is attacked with low calcium levels, the calcium is not released into the urine, but into the kidney. This may result in the production of kidney stones, or calcium deposits (Fulton 1201). The calcium deposits slowly kill the kidney as they just sit in the organ. In this case, there may be a transplant later on in the person’s life. For regular people who do not have this disorder, they do not experience serious consequences like these because they have the right amount

An unbalance in these hormones would cause changes in the function and structure of the gland. In the setting where there isn’t a sufficient amount of Thyroxin synthesized by the gland, there is an increase in TSH production. Over production of TSH causes hyperplasia of the gland just to match normal thyroid levels. This would then cause a goiter to form. When the goiter is grown significantly, pressure is put on the esophagus and trachea, causing respiratory

The secretion of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is a three inter-communicating regions of the body, the hypothalamus in the brain, the pituitary gland and the adrenal gland. When cortisol levels in the blood are reduced, a collection of cells in the hypothalamus release corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which causes the

The endocrine system is such an important system to the body because it functions the bodies use of hormones. The body uses many different hormones and the endocrine system regulates these. When the glands of the endocrine system secrete the hormones, the hormones are put into the bloodstream to be sent to the different parts of the body. The glands that comprise the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland which are all located in the brain, the thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus which are located in the throat, the adrenals and pancreas which are located in the body’s midsection, and the ovaries (female) and testes (male) which are located in the pelvic region. The system is so important because it regulates the body’s metabolism, growth and sexual development, digestion, heart rate, and many of the other body functions regulated by hormones.

As discussed with Overtraining Syndrome and Adrenal Insufficiency, hormone levels are varying in an abnormal fashion with respect to the adrenal glands. The hypersecretions hyposecretions of adrenal gland hormones, receptor modulation of their respective target cells, and desensitization of corresponding target cell receptors produce a vast array of ill effects on many other parts of the body. For instance, in the early stages of Overtraining Syndrome, hypersecretion of cortisol is observed. Hypersecretion of cortisol, or hypercortisolism, also causes insulin resistance as cortisol is an antagonist to insulin. This can lead to the development of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and obesity.

Anti-hypertensives function to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Different classes of medications act in different ways to lower blood pressure. Some medications lower blood pressure by decreasing fluid volume, some reduce peripheral resistance, and others reduce cardiac output. Some medications use a combination of the three.