Amino acid Essays

Explain the relationship between the ionisation of amino acids and pH |Structural diagram of the neutral structure| |Structural diagram of positively charged structure| |Structural diagram of negatively charged structure| Explain how the form of an amino acid, whether positively charged, negatively charged or neutral, depends of the pH of the solution ? If you increase the pH of a solution of an amino acid by adding hydroxide ions, if this is done then the hydrogen ions will then be removed from the -NH3+group . . To test if it is now a negative ion a process called electrophoresis.although it is colourless its position can be detected using ninhydrin. If the amino acid has dried and then heated gently it would appear as

Amino acid play central roles as building blocks of proteins and as intermediates in metabolisms . The 20 amino acids are found within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility (The Biology Project.2000).All amino acids found in proteins have a basic structure , different only in the structure of the R group or the side chain(Figure). In this basic structure amino acid (Figure 4 ) is containing a central C atom , in sides a H atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group and the R group. The amino acid can be recognized based on this R group .

It is an analytical method where in a protein sample is electrophoresis on an SDS- PAGE and electro transferred on the nitrocellulose membrane. The transferred protein is detected using specific primary enzymes labeled antibody. Antibodies bind to specific sequences of amino acids, known as the epitope. Because amino acid sequences are different from protein to protein, antibodies can recognize specific proteins among a group of many. Therefore, a single protein can be identified in a cell lysate that contains thousands of different proteins and its abundance quantified through western blot

All enzymes are under the class of protein biomolecule. Amino acids are the basic units that are combined to make up an enzyme. The biomolecule that stores information is a Nucleic Acid. The specific 3-D region within an enzyme is called the active site. The chemical

Through the experiment of building DNA, I knew more about the composition of DNA, and the way and order of deoxyribonucleotides. Through the DNA transcription and translation experiments, I learnt that mRNA is the transmitter of genetic information. I also knew that a genetic code corresponds to an amino acid. This made me have a deeper understanding of the process from genetic information to protein. Overall, I learnt that DNA is insoluble in ethanol; lambda phage DNA was digested by Hind III and EcoR I in the Sample 3E and was digested by Hind III in the Sample 4E. DNA can be visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, and the direction of DNA synthesis is from carbon 5 to carbon

The basic molecules of life, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids all play vital roles in a cell’s life. Proteins are fundamentally the building blocks of cells and have many functions. Proteins are made of one or more polypeptide strands. These strands are long chains of amino acids with many possible sequences.

An intense enough absorption band at absorbance area of 1400.2 cm-1 referred to C-H bending vibration of sp2 carbon, which is possible to be derived from the aromatic ring of amino acid. The weaker absorption band at 1288.4 cm-1 corresponded to =C-O stretching vibration of aromatic compounds, and the absorption band at 1074.3-1118.6 cm-1 referred to C-O stretching vibration of amino

The Diverse Parts of Macromolecules in Science There are four sorts of macromolecules that I am going to portray: Proteins, starches, lipids and nucleic corrosive. I will likewise depict the capacities and why they are critical in our bodies. Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are joined head-to-tail in a long chain that is then collapsed into a three-dimensional structure one of a kind to every sort of protein. The covalent linkage between two contiguous amino acids in a protein (or polypeptide) chain is known as a peptide bond.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The biochemical activity of proteins is characterised by their individual structure, size and shape. These factors are determined by the sequence and characteristics of the constituent amino

Polar covalent bonds connect together amino acids in chains, making peptides. They can likewise be discovered holding together amines. Covalent mixes have low liquefying and breaking points. Huge number of carbon mixes is covalent mixes and include in various fields. They have low enthalpies of combination and vaporization.

Processing Raw Data Calculations The equationsRf(A) = LAL0 and Rf(A) = LBL0 were used to calculate the Rf values, A standing for the distance the green pigment traveled and B standing for the distance the yellow pigment traveled.

1. Introduction: a. Hemoglobin structure: Hemoglobin is metalloprotein found in red blood cells having four polypeptide chains. Adult hemoglobin contains 2 alpha (141amino acid) and 2 beta chains (146 amino acid) which forms a tetramer called as globin and each chain is attached to iron containing prosthetic group heme (protoporphyrine IX). Ferrous ion of this heme is linked to globular protein by binding ‘N’ in the center of the protoporphyrin ring. There is a non-covalent interaction between four chains.

It is a more often observed biotransformation pathway for small endogenous compounds, but also plays a role in the metabolism of macromolecules like nucleic acids. Compounds can undergo N-, O-, S- and arsenic methylation catalyzed by enzymes called methyltransferases, employing S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor.95,98 Amino acid conjugation reactions are a route of metabolism of xenobiotic carboxylic acids. The enzymes of conjugation reside in mitochondria. Mechanistically, it differs from the other conjugation reactions. It involves initial activation of the carboxylic acid moiety with ATP, generating an acyl adenylate and pyrophosphate.

The next step is nucleophilic attack by the deprotonated cysteine's anionic sulfur on the substrate carbonyl carbon. In this step, a fragment of the substrate is released with an amine terminus, the histidine residue in the protease is restored to its deprotonated form, and a thioester intermediate linking the new carboxy-terminus of the substrate to the cysteine thiol is formed. Therefore, they are also sometimes referred to as thiol proteases. The thioester bond is subsequently hydrolyzed to generate a carboxylic acid moiety on the remaining substrate fragment, while regenerating the free enzyme. 3.Mechanism of threonine protease Threonine proteases use the secondary alcohol of their N-terminal threonine as a nucleophile to perform catalysis.

Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the changes in activity level (if any) when enzymes are exposed to a variety of environments (in this case, temperature). Introduction: Enzymes are made up of a series of proteins known as amino acids. Enzymes are essential in almost all aspects of life.

Changing it to isoleucine alters the shape of the pocket in such a way that the maximum effect is generated by heptanol instead of octanol. The importance in determining the specificity of receptor cells of the amino acid molecules is highlighted in this

Additionally, there exists three domains of the enzyme namely C- terminal catalytic domain, an N- terminal regulatory domain and a tetramerization domain. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) acts as a cofactor for the enzyme activity. Hence, the regulatory action by PAH enzyme involves activation by the presence of the amino acid phenylalanine, inhibition by the cofactor Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) – dependent protein kinase helps in the phosphorylation of the amino acid serine that is present on the 16 position of the regulatory domain of the enzyme. This in turn helps in maintaining the activity of the enzyme by reducing the concentration of the phenylalanine

1.Introduction: An enzyme is a large protein that acts as a biological catalyst which changes the rate of a reaction. It provides an active site which is an environment where a reaction can take place this is made up of amino acids. The structure and shape of the substrate, the structure and shape of an enzyme and the substance upon which the enzyme works all have to match exactly. This enables the substrate to bind, but it can 't do this if the shapes of the two are different. The Aim of Enzyme Catalase Experiment is making a series of experiments involving the enzyme Catalase which has been performed in order to determine some of the enzyme 's properties.

The enzymeʼs have an active site that allows only certain substances to bind, they do this by having an enzyme and substrate that fit together perfectly. If the enzyme shape is changed then the binding

This chapter presents an overview of protein structure prediction by representing some of the techniques. The structure prediction of protein has two main techniques. The secondary structure prediction and tertiary structure prediction methods are also discussed in this chapter. 2.1 OVERVIEW OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE PREDICTION