Anthrax toxin Essays

In the fall of 2001, a few weeks after terrorists flew airplanes into the Twin Towers, an additional wave of attacks hit the United States. This caused far less damage but started paramount aftershocks filled with fear. Envelopes holding anthrax spores were sent to several news outlets and two senators. It infected twenty-two people and killed five of them. Protecting against inevitable bioterrorism attacks in the future became of top importance for the government, and in his 2003 President George

Biological warfare agents, such as anthrax and smallpox, are powerful weapons due to the fact the agents vary greatly in appearance and method of effective release. Terrorist attacks using a biological agent are considered one of the easiest and deadliest attacks because most agents can be dispersed silently and remain invisible until the mission is complete (“Biological warfare…” n.pag.). If a toxin is released into the public, a massive spread of disease would occur; however, the person handling

Log on to https://www.listlabs.com/products/anthrax-toxins/anthrax-lethal-factor/ come on, I dare you. There one can buy up 10mg of lethal factor Anthrax for only $2,325. Have they not learned from our many past mistakes; that potentially lethal biological agents are cheap and easy to come by? It's as easy as one online recipe to a biohazardous farm in a person’s grandma's basement. Biological agents, weapons, and warfare have been used to wage war, gain attention and prove points. For over a century

everywhere even in the air; the revolutionary germ theory was a reality.” After Pasteur did countless experiments, in 1864, he proved the germs were the cause of diseases. Later in 1876, Robert Koch identified bacillus bacterium was the cause of anthrax. This was the convincing evidence that proves the validity of the germ theory. Besides that, Koch also identified the microorganisms that cause tuberculosis and cholera. Therefore, the accuracy of germ theory is supported by scientific evidence and

What is Anthrax? This is a highly infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. It is found in the naturally in soil. This disease affects humans with the contamination of animal products. For instance the inhaling anthrax spores that have been inhalational anthrax or by consuming undercooked meat from infected animals. Although rare in the United states it is a deadly worldwide for instance in northern Europe. Humans get affected with anthrax when spores get into the body, one

25BHS suggests to read tAfï[]me (“from doing”) with 1QIsaa and LXX. Whether we follow BHS proposal or the MT reading, the meaning of the line remains the same since in poetic parallelism the preposition !mi in v. 13a (tB'V;m)i governs the following line (v. 13b). However, the BHS proposal is a more a plausible reading because of tAfï[]me in v. 13e. 261QIsab, Theodotion, Syriac, Targum, and Vulgate read ^yc,Þp'x] (pl.) as ^c.p.x, (sg.). We opt for ^c.p.x, because of the recurrence of the term in v

The Anthrax Letters: A Medical Detective Story is written by Dr. Leonard A. Cole, this book was published by Joseph Henry Press located in Washington D.C. in 2003 and it includes 280 pages and 10 chapters. Dr. Leonard Cole made this book on the aftermath of 9/11 and the anthrax letters attacks, they include those who were victims of the letters and it intends to show those who took care of them. Among the many, it was the dedicated effort of doctors and agents on protecting the American nation of

which is toxins. The scientific name is known as Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning or (PSP). Starting off, paralytic shellfish poisoning is a silent killer. Paralytic poisoning is an illness caused from eating shellfish that have been exposed to dinoflagellate algae ("Paralytic Shellfish" 2 . This is a natural occurring toxin, that is caused by some types of microscopic algae. This toxin affects the nervous system and can even cause damage to the muscle system. In other cases, when the toxin level is

Year 9 Science Ecology Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis is the relationship between two living organisms. The main types of symbiosis are mutualism, parasitism and commensalism. The association between the two organisms can be beneficial to one or two of the species or in some cases be harmful, depending on the type of symbiosis. Commensalism Commensalism is a biological term which is used to describe the relationship between two living organism, where in which one benefits from the other without

death to the exposed individual. The basic mechanism of the toxin (which has eight serotypes) is blocking the release of a neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) at the synapse between the motor neuron and a muscle (1). By obstructing the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction, the muscle is unable to contract thus, causing muscle paralysis. This potent toxin has therapeutic as well as cosmetologic uses. I will focus on how C. botulinum toxin is used in surgical cosmetology as well as describe how

In the film Silver Linings Playbook, Pat Junior was placed into a psychiatric institution due to beating up the man his ex-wife, Nikki, was cheating on Pat Junior with. After he has been there for the required court mandated eight months, his mother discharges Pat from the psychiatric institution against medical advice. While there, it is found that Pat Junior has bi-polar disorder and dislikes taking his medication since he claims it makes his mind foggy. When he returns home, there are a series

The use of neurotoxin “periodic botulinum toxin” injections is considered to be the gold standard treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum and attains a “reversible neuromuscular blockade at presynaptic terminals, therefore, preventing the release of acetylcholine in response to action potentials” (Holden, Vokes, Taylor, Till & Crumley, 2007). Botox is directly put into the affected muscles of the larynx; therefore, injection of

You can make it happen with a single Botox injection. The results from this cosmetic procedure have made it a Hollywood craze and it has now become much more accessible to non-celebrity patients as well. What exactly is Botox? Botox is botulinum toxin for short. It is a substance that is derived from Clostridium botulinum, a kind of bacteria that may cause food poisoning that can be fatal. It does sound scary. However, in controlled amounts, it can do wonders for wrinkles. What is used in Botox

Chapter nine commences by telling its readers about how Lee Harding was diagnosed with E coli 0157:H7. After eating some tacos at a Mexican restaurant, he started to have excruciating stomach pains and diarrhea. Harding’s stomach was hurting because of some frozen hamburgers he ate a couple of days ago. Those same hamburgers provided by Hudson Foods were infected with E. coli 0157:H7. Millions of those same frozen hamburgers had already been sold and most likely eaten. The middle of the chapter

Nigel Courtenay-Luck, Ph.D., CSO of Antisoma, at a recent 9th European Biotech Crossroads meeting, talked about data from Phase 1 of a study on a new type of biomolecule called an aptamer. He said that aptamers are very similar to antibodies; they can both recognize and bind to antigens, they both have low nanomolar binding, and the pKa of both molecules can be modified easily. He said that they are ideal to be used as therapeutics because they can bind well(since they are 3-D) without causing an

only with cutaneous anthrax. When the animal dies due to anthrax, the animal carcasses become infectious, and when the animal decomposes, the spores can again mix with the soil and the transmission cycle continues. The bacterium often penetrates the body via wounds in the skin and may also infect humans as aerosol or ingestion. The ability of sporulation and resistance of the spores to harsh environmental conditions like heat and humidity, disinfectants and UV radiation makes anthrax the most important

as weapons caused much infection and death. Each specific virus has its specific side effects, but one common disease used as a biological weapon is anthrax, which also has specific symptoms. When anthrax makes contact with skin, spores enter the body and produce toxins, which later causes sores, fever, fatigue, headache, and scarring. When anthrax is inhaled, spores enter the lungs and produces “massive bleeding and swelling inside the chest cavity.” Other bacteria and viruses give victims similar

living organisms. Types of Biological weapons There are 3 types of Biological agents that can be weaponized, these 5 agents differ in strength and effect. • Bacterial agents: single cell organisms that cause diseases such as tularemia, plague and anthrax –which is considered the deadliest bacterial agents as it can cause death in 24-36 hours and it easily

is the use of anthrax or Bacillus anthracis. The reason why this bacterium is greatly used

Bioterrorism is the use of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) or toxins by terrorist or extremists groups to produce weapons which cause death and disease among humans, animals and plants. Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person, animals or property to intimidate or coerce a government or civilian population to gain political or social objectives (CDC, 2013). The use of biological agents to cause harm or death is not a new concept; countries have been engaging