Cellulose Essays

Cellulose normally referred as the most abundant macromolecule on earth that produced by plant. This cellulose is a type of carbohydrate which often found in plant. The cellulose synthesis can also occurs in other groups rather than plants, such as groups of algae, a number of bacterial species including cyanobacteria and also tunicates in the animal kingdom (Saxena et al., 2005). Cellulose generally consists of glucose glycosidically linked in β-1-4 conformation as shown in Figure 2.1. The repeating

Answer (55) The combustion reaction equations for: Cellulose: C6H10O5 + x(O2+3.76N2)  y (CO2) + z (H2O) + k(N2) Solution: 25C_6 H_10 O_5 + 150O_2 + 558N_2 ==> 150CO_2 + 125H_2 O + 558N_2…[1.1] Nitrocellulose: C6H10O5(NO2)3+ x(O2+3.76N2)  y (CO2) + z (H2O) + k(N2) C_6 H_10 O_5 (NO_2 )_3+ 〖3O〗_2+ 7.52N_2  6CO_2 + 5H_2 O + 10.52N_2…[1.2] (5) Amount of less air needed to completely combust the nitrocellulose compared with the cellulose in terms of moles A stoichiometric balance of the combustion

INTRODUCTION HPC is non ionic semisynthetic polymer. Hydroxypropyl cellulose is also commonly known as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or hypromellose which is a coating agent and film-former and used as an inactive ingredient in the pharmaceutical industry. It has also been used as a rate-controlling polymer for sustained-release dose forms in pharmaceutical industry. CHEMISTRY HPC is an ether of cellulose. In HPC some of the hydroxyl groups in the repeating glucose units have been hydroxypropylated

11) Incompatibilities: A Maillard-type condensation reaction is likely to occur between lactose and compounds with a primary amine group to form brown, or yellow-brown-colored products. Lactose is also incompatible with amino acids, aminophylline, amphetamines, and lisinopril. 12) Safety: Adverse reactions to lactose are largely attributed to lactose intolerance, which occurs in individuals with a deficiency of the intestinal enzyme lactase. 13) Regulatory Status: Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients

Deliberate abuse of formulations containing cellulose, either by inhalation or by injection, has resulted in the formation of cellulose granulomas. Magnesium Stearate: Synonyms: Dibasic magnesium stearate, magnesium distearate, Magnesia, stearas, Magnesium octadecanoate, Octadecanoic acid, magnesium salt, Stearic acid, magnesium

shavings with a combination of two reagents, sodium sulphide and sodium hydroxide, Under 8 kgf/cm2 and at 165°C, in a digestor. The two reagents in the cooking liquor serve to accelerate the delignification, with recovery of the cellulose fibres. At this step, the cellulose pulp is known as brown mass, appearing dark in colour because of the black liquor. It can be assumed that 90–95% of the hemicellulose and lignin are dissolved and partially degraded during this process. The main advantage of the

Introduction When a chemical reaction occurs anywhere in the universe, it needs energy. The human body is no exception. For some reactions, the energy required to start the reaction is Enzymes are special proteins designed to assist in the breaking down of macromolecules. They do so by holding the macromolecule in place at the active site, therefore lowering the amount of energy it takes to start the chemical reaction. There are different enzymes for each macromolecule; Pectinase and Cellulase are

For the purposes of this lab, only three other chemical constituents of tea were considered during the chemical extraction of caffeine from tea. These chemicals were cellulose, tannins, and chlorophyll. Of course, there are many other chemicals in black tea, including various lipids and carboxylic acids ; however, many of these chemicals are not present in large enough quantities to separate using the methods available to an undergraduate lab, and therefore these chemicals are collectively considered

Dionna Johnson~ Chapter 2 Paper Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, and they're the simplest form of sugar also. Monosaccharides are the main block of complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides. They appear in a crystal-like substance, and can dissolve in water. Molasses has a high content of the monosaccharides. Yogurt contains monosaccharide galactose, cherries contain monosaccharide fructose. Carbohydrates are molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen

Enzymes are proteins that acts as catalysts, increasing the rate of chemical reactions. With containing many different enzymes, enzymes prove to be viable molecules, as they can ultimately determine the many possible chemical reactions that take place within the cell.1With an enzyme able bind to the substrate through specificity, the substrate correctly orients itself binding to the active site. Once positioned, the enzyme can lower the activation energy of the reaction causing the chemical reaction

Carbohydrates, or saccharides, consist of a) sugars and starches, which provide energy for humans and animals, and b) cellulose which make up numerous plant structures. Carbs, for short, have gotten to be both a gift and a burden, as the modern food production process has changed the way we consume them on a daily basis. There are two sorts of carbohydrates, simple sugars, or monosaccharides and complex sugars, or polysaccharides. Sugars are diverse, and abundant in plants, where they serve a great

Ethyl Cellulose of high grades are used mainly in micro DRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILE encapsulation technology. It is used as a thickening agent and it can be used to modify the drug release. It can be used even both in food products and in cosmetics. It can be controlled

6.1 Introduction The peroxidase isolated from horseradish, HRP, is the most available and commonly used peroxidase. One factor that has limited its widespread and large-scale use is its high cost of production. A cost effective purification technology and exploringalternative sources with high peroxidase activity can help to bring down the cost of enzyme production. Peroxidase from roots of Raphanus sativus can serve as a cost effective alternative for HRP. Gil-Rodríguez et al. (2008) purified the

hours. It is available in sustained release ‘once a day’ formulation. This study was to formulate and evaluate microspheres of Terbutaline sulphate for sustained release preparation by solvent evaporation technique using ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose E 50 LV (HPMC) with different ratio.FT-IR study revealed no interaction between the drug and the excipients. The prepared microspheres were characterised for micromeritic properties, drug content, in-vitro release, particle size

14 glucose residues extend in tiers. There are 12 tiers in a mature glycogen particle. c) Cellulose Cellulose is a carbohydrate which is the principal component of vegetal wall and wood. Cellulose is the most abundant component on earth. The cellulose molecule is a linear unbranched homopolysaccharide. Glucose residues have the beta configuration, so they are linked by (beta1 4) glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is extremely mechanically stable and is highly resistant to chemical and enzymatic

Absorption is the process by which atoms and molecules can be absorbed within another substance. In the process of absorption, the molecules will either diffuse or dissolve to compose a compound or a liquid. Absorption occurs either chemically and physically. Chemical absorbency is the reaction between two chemical substances, absorbing together. An example of chemical absorbency is sodium hydroxide absorbing carbon dioxide. The stoichiometry and concentration of these substances can affect the chemical

1.Why does it make sense that all composition of the cell membrane is largely a lipid? The cystol and all parts of the cell are made up of very polar; water-soluble molecules, which are hydrophilic “water loving”. The environment outside the cell is also very polar and water-soluble. In order to have an appropriate barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside, The membrane of the cell needs to be made of highly non-polar, organic material like lipids. The reason is because non-polar, organic

VIII. Methods and materials : hemoglobin types determined by cellulose acetate and citrate agar electrophoresis methods based on different electrical charges when place the sample in electrophoresis, when electrical current is passed through the hemoglobin blood sample, causes separation of hemoglobin type at different rates and form bands .(14)(15) materials 1. Tris-EDTA Boric Acid buffer (TEB), pH 8.4. Tris hydroxymethyl amino methane (TRIS): 10.2 g Ethylene diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA):

ii. Diffusion (Dialysis) through model membranes Cell membranes play a major role in the differences in composition and concentration of the extracellular and intracellular fluid. Cells are selective for which molecules can diffuse through their membranes. Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as O2 can cross the phospholipid bilayer with ease. Small molecules such as water can also cross the membrane but at a slower rate due to its polarity which make it difficult to pass through the hydrophobic

into the waste water the particle stability would markedly reduce. Alternate method introduces support to immobilize nZVI on surface, thus reducing agglomeration of nZVI. The immobilizer studies for such purpose includes, MWCNTs (Lv et al., 2011), cellulose, biochar, montmorillonite(Zhang et al., 2013), fullers earth and bentonite(Shi et al., 2011) etc. In an earlier study by (Sharma et al., 2015) we found the optimum loading with lower