Cyclooxygenase Essays

TIVA may be favoured as the anesthetic technique of choice for the following reasons ADVANTAGES OF TIVA: 1. Rapid smooth induction and maintenance of anesthesia Induction of anesthesia with propofol is smooth and associated with a low incidence of excitatory side effects. Doses of 1 to 2.5 mg/kg (depending on patient age, physical status, and use of premedicant drugs) induce anesthesia in approximately 30 seconds. The speed of onset and the dose of propofol needed for induction are dependent on the

HPETE - hydroxyperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 12-KETE-12-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid; LOX- lipoxygenase; LT- leukotriene; PG- prostaglandin; TXA2-thromboxane A2 (Howard, 2006). 2.5 CYCLOOXYGENASE PATHWAY This enzymemetabolizearachidonic acid to endoperoxide intermediate to produce prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The cyclooxygenase active site (CAS), transformarachidonic acid to prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) and the Peroxidase active site (PAS) converts PGG2 to PGH2. PGH2 serve as precursor for many bioactive

Experiences of pain lead to anxiety for both patient and clinician before and after root canal treatment. Pain is not always associated with sensation to noxious stimuli but also associated with the individual experiences, anxiety, stress, expectations and personality. Though the pain may not be a sign of endodontic failure, relieving pain is of utmost importance for the acceptance of endodontic procedure. Postoperative endodontic pain continues to be a significant problem facing the dental profession

ASA or salicylic acid. In order to increases cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity and reduces toxicity of the profens, the α-CH3 substitutent present in the profens. The α-carbon in these compounds is chiral and the S-(+)- enantiomer of the profens is the more potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor. 3 Most of the

Pain The interchange of emotions and feelings within one’s self is a particularly hard thing to measure. Pain is a combatant of positive and negative change. Pain is one of the most prevalent causes of human change, and is a provoker of human deterioration. Pain has always been a major factor in healthcare. In this crosspost, the author will elaborate on the original threaded discussion by Ellerbee Mburu, Vail, and Barlow and add additional information on pain assessment and management. Healthcare

monitored carefully to evaluate for potential dependence. Side effects for Opioids may cause chronic constipation and risk for falls for the elderly. Other pharmacologic treatments include meloxicam, ibuprofen, oxaprozin and sulindac. In addition, “cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib (Celebrex), have an improved safety profile for gastrointestinal adverse effects, but are costly and confer an increased cardiovascular risk” (Sinuasas, 2012, p.

(growth-modifying factor) ,basic or acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGFand bFGF) , platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR and PDGF) , a clone stimulating factor CSF(G-CSF),Endothelin-1,tumor necrosis factor(TNFα) ,Integrin, Eph Receptors and Ephrin Ligands, Cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase(Cox-2-and eNOS) , bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) , transmitted by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) , hepatocyte growth factor and scatter factor (HGF / SF) , Erythropoietin (EPO) , Cathepsin B ,cathepsin S, Thrombopoietin

analgesics include acetaminophen and non- steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin; they are typically used for mild pain. Opioid based analgesics such as morphine and codeine are used for chronic pain. NSAIDs function by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, which are enzymes that convert

After the history and physical was completed, the patient was found to Bourchard’s and Hberden’s nodes. The 64 year old patient has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis. For the pain and stiffness, the patient was taking aspirin and Naprosyn which resulted in gastrointestinal (GI) distress. There are side effects and other consideration for determining the treatment. According to Laba, Brien, Fransen, and Jan (2013), patient compliance to osteoarthritis medication is generally low. With this the

Introduction Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gingiva. Plaque is a requirement for the development of gingivitis (Informational Paper, 1999). Periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease in which disease expression involves intricate interactions of the plaque biofilm with the host inflammatory response and subsequent alterations in bone and connective tissue metabolism (Kornman, 2008)1. Although mechanical plaque control methods have the potential to maintain adequate levels of oral hygiene, clinical

2.3. Synthesis of 2-(2-(Morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide (4) To a solution of compound 3 (0.01 M, 2.89 g) in methanol (60 mL), 99% hydrazine hydrate (1 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid thus obtained was filtered, washed with cold water and recrystallized with ethanol to obtain the compound 4. 2.4. General procedure for synthesis of 1-{(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl}-2-(morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazoles

Free radicals are continuously produced in our body, due to oxygen utilization and results in the generation of a series of reactive oxygen species and non-free radical species. Reactive oxygen species are highly reactive and can easily react with most biological molecules including proteins, lipids, lipoproteins and DNA. These free radicals are naturally scavenged by antioxidant mechanism in mammalians. Uncontrolled generation of free radicals is associated with lipid and protein peroxidation, resulting

Q1. explain briefly the difference between a) an agonist and antagonist –give 2 examples of each When the action of the drug is to activate or switch on a reaction, the drug is called an agonist. On the other hand, if the drug switches off the reaction, or inhibits or blocks the binding of other agonist components onto the receptor, it is called an antagonist. Hence, agonist and antagonist act in opposite direction, if agonist activate an action, antagonist inhibit an action(New Health Guide, 2014)

The Medicinal Properties of the Willow Tree Overview The willow tree has been used since ancient civilizations for its ornament, erosion control, timber, and especially its bark. The story of the willow tree dates to Hippocrates, 4000 BC, when people were advised to chew on the bark of a willow tree to lessen inflammation and reduce fever. The bark of the tree contains a compound called salicylic acid, which is a common ingredient in aspirin and is known for a multitude of medicinal effects ranging

Abstract Diabetic vascular complication is a leading cause of diabetic nephropathy, a progressive increase in urinary albumin excretion coupled with elevated blood pressure leading to declined glomerular filtration and eventually end stage renal failure. There is growing evidence that activated inflammation is contributing factor to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Meanwhile, IL-18, a member of the IL-1 family of inflammatory cytokines, is involved in the development and progression of diabetic

Pain is the most pervasive and universal form of human distress. The costs of pain in human suffering and economic resources are extraordinary. It is the most common reason for seeking medical care, and it has been estimated that approximately 80% of physician office visits involve a pain component. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used class of drugs for the management of acute and chronic pain in dentistry. NSAIDs minimize edema, but they are associated with

Chewing on the bark of a willow tree was a common practice when dealing with aches or pains in the early stages of medicine. As humankind has become more advanced methods have been developed to isolate the active ingredients in traditional remedies and improve them so the desired effects can be reached quicker, more directly and arguably more safely than before. Significant progress was made in the way of chemistry in the 19th-21st centuries which lead to the emergence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

The sunflower seed is the seed of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The methanol extract of seeds of Helianthus annuus were screened for analgesic activity in mice model to systematically explore the medicinal values of the plant. Acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate methods were used to confirm the central and peripheral analgesic action. The extract at dose 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg showed attenuated writhing inhibition at 50.35% and 57.85% in case of acetic acid-induced writhing test which

Lansoprazole to prevent some of the gastrointestinal side effect (Cunha & Anand, 2015). The alternative medication for patients that are Intolerance/hypersensitivity to Aspirin, is Clopidogrel this drug inhibits the platelets, but doesn't affect the cyclooxygenase (Society et al., 2005, Nice, 2015). Furthermore, CVD can be treated/control with therapeutic interventions such as, keeping the daily dietary fat intake to the minimum, low salt, combined omega-3 fatty acids,’ this may keep CVD in control, within

Abstract: Valproate (VPA) is a widely used anticonvulsant drugs; however, it represents a typical example of drug-induced adverse reactions especially liver injury. The polyunsaturated, omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), prerogatives diverse cytoprotective effects, even though mechanism remains unclear. We have previously demonstrated a protective effect of DHA against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate potential mechanisms of DHA in subsiding