Monocyte Essays

REGULATION OF FATTY ACID METABOLISM Introduction: Fatty acids are produced by acetyl-CoA by its transformation to malonyl-COA by various known as fatty acid synthases and this takes place in cytoplasm.Acetyl-COA is fuether transformed into various fats molecules taken from carbohydrates through a process known as glycolytic pathway.This pathway basically requires glycerol along with three fatty acid molecules to form a structure called as neutral fats or triglycerols.Two fatty acid molecules basically

The Citric Acid Cycle/ Kerbs Cycle/ TCA The Citric acid cycle is important as anaerobic glycolysis can only harvest a fraction of the energy from glucose. In the citric acid cycle there is aerobic respiration of pyruvate from step ten in glycolysis to C02 and H2O. This oxidation of pyruvate can greater a higher yield of ATP. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria where ten ATP is produced. The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to harvest electrons from the citric acid cycle and

The short term immune response is known as the Innate Immune System and the long term is known as the Adaptive Immune Response. Monocytes and macrophages, primarily involved in atherosclerosis, are part of the innate immune response. Macrophages have two main functions. They can act as phagocytes that engulf foreign particles or as antigen presenting cells. They receive signals in

white blood cells, and your blood typically contains a percentage of each type. White blood cells initiate in the bone marrow but circulate throughout the bloodstream. There are five major types of white blood cells: These five include neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils.

or dispersed throughout the host tissues. Leukocytes use blood mainly as a transport system to travel to areas of the body where they are needed. There are six families of leukocytes that have distinct roles in the body’s defense. These are the monocyte-macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. All the leukocytes except the lymphocytes are considered part of the innate immune system. Lymphocytes are the only leukocytes associated with

two sticky ends, transfers the modified provirus DNA into the cell nucleus and facilitates its integration into the host genome. The integration of proviral DNA and the expression of the provirus require that target cell is in an activated state. Monocytes/macrophages, microglial cells, and latently infected quiescent CD4+ T-cells contain integrated provirus and are important long-living cellular reservoirs of HIV. Upon cell activation, transcription of proviral DNA into a messenger RNA occurs. Transcription

The pumping ability of the heart is compromised by a continuum between coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction. This paradox deprives the heart of blood-borne oxygen and nutrients. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the earliest of the continuum and consists of any disorder that narrows or blocks the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of CAD, which diminishes the myocardial blood supply until the blood flow to the heart is limited causing the

one cell population, for example, neutrophils and T- lymphocytes (Harris et al. 1996; Moriconi et al. 2008; Proudfoot 2002). In addition to attracting inflammatory cells such as basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells to the injured area, the CC chemokines, for example, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2, MIP-1 alpha/CCL3, MIP-1 beta/CCL4, MIP-3 alpha/CCL20 and MIP-3 beta/CCL19, also attract a minor proportion of neutrophils (Ajuebor et al. 1998; Moriconi

A 62 year old white male named Wayne D. had been healthy until recently, when he experienced significant discomfort in his abdomen that left him feeling full after eating less than usual and he felt tired all time. After consulting his physician, it was uncovered that Wayne D. had indeed lost weight, that he appeared pale, and that he had developed splenomegaly. The physician decided to order a complete blood count (CBC) with differential as well as the following chemistry tests: uric acid, lactate

Wound healing process Wound healing is a physiological response initiated by a disruption in tissue integrity and is imperative in maintaining homeostasis. It is a dynamic and complex process consisting of four partly overlapping phases, namely the inflammatory, migratory, proliferative and maturation phase. Notably, this process is non-linear wherein it can advance and retract through the phases depending on various factors within the patients. Inflammatory phase Inflammatory phase can be further

blood cells) have a constant interaction, but this interaction increases with elevated cholesterol levels. As the cholesterol levels increase, the monocytes begin to attach onto the endothelium, where they are transformed into macrophages. These macrophages begin to oxidize the LDL and they become toxic to the endothelium which leads to platelet adhesion and aggregation and fibrin deposition. The macrophages begin to ingest the oxidized LDLs transforming them into foam cells, which begins the formation

days. Upon injury, the resident mast cells undergo degranulation and secrete chemotactic agents that induce neutrophils recruitment. Furthermore, activated platelets also release proteins that stimulate the migration and adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes. Thus, the first inflammatory cells that infiltrate the wound are the neutrophils. These neutrophils, upon infiltration, first attach to the endothelium followed by undergoing diapedesis and migrate towards the area of inflammation. Subsequently

days. Upon injury, the resident mast cells undergo degranulation and secrete chemotactic agents that induce neutrophils recruitment. Furthermore, activated platelets also release proteins that stimulate the migration and adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes. Thus, the first inflammatory cells that infiltrate the wound are the neutrophils. These neutrophils, upon infiltration, first attach to the endothelium followed by undergoing diapedesis and migrate towards the area of inflammation. Subsequently

Abstract Diabetic vascular complication is a leading cause of diabetic nephropathy, a progressive increase in urinary albumin excretion coupled with elevated blood pressure leading to declined glomerular filtration and eventually end stage renal failure. There is growing evidence that activated inflammation is contributing factor to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Meanwhile, IL-18, a member of the IL-1 family of inflammatory cytokines, is involved in the development and progression of diabetic

Although these other two terms continue to be used, they are misleading because secretion of many lymphokines and monokines is not limited to lymphocytes and monocytes as these terms imply, but extends to a broad spectrum of cells and types. For this reason, the more inclusive term cytokine is preferred. Many cytokines are referred to as interleukins, a name indicating that they are secreted by some leukocytes

important search for new prevention strategies and therapeutic tools that can minimize muscle damage, enhance the repair process and optimize treatment. Muscle injury results in a rapid early response by neutrophils to remove necrotic tissue and monocyte infiltration that generates functionally diverse macrophage subpopulations, followed by regeneration of damaged tissue and resolution of inflammation within days after injury [3-6]. Initially macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory or M1 polarization

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide ( Reddy 1993; Lloyd-Jones et al. 2009). According to WHO, 23.6 million deaths each year by 2030 are caused by cardiovascular disease. In Malaysia, diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of death in Ministry of Health (MoH) Hospitals in 2012. 40, 000 new cases per year for 28 million people in this country while for number of CAD cases for young people which is below 45 years old is increased every year. 95 %

The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering about 1.7 m2 and comprising approximately 10% of the total body mass of an average human being. The primary function of the skin is to provide a barrier between the body and the external environment. This barrier protects against a range of noxious assaults like UV radiation, mechanical, chemical and biological insults like allergens and microorganisms. Its physical strength and elasticity provide optimal mechanical support; semi-permeability to

were bigger purple circles that had four compartments of darker purple circles within them. The eosinophils were purple circles that had two compartments of two darker circles within them. The blood platelets were extremely small purple dots. The monocytes looked like a purple kidney bean. The lymphocytes were darker, opaque purple circles. The basophils are purple circles that have two compartments of two purple circles with small scattered purple circles around the cell. After identifying the different

hemoglobin in the body. 3.2. White Blood Cells White blood cells are the body fighters; they protect the body from infections. Wbc’s emprise of various types that are all distinct in nature based on the size or structure. They include; lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Estimation of WBC is done because they help in the body’s immune response and has an important responsibility in allergies, antigens and inflammation. A white blood cell count is a value that is indicative