Saponification Essays

Amino acids are known as the building blocks of all proteins that consists of 20 amino acids which are found in within proteins convey a vast array of chemical versatility. Amino acids are comprised of a carboxyl group and an amino group that attached to the same carbon atom which is the α carbon. They vary in size, structure, electric charge and solubility in water because of the variation in their side chains (R groups). Detection, quantification and identification of amino acids in any sample

• Iodine Solution Weigh 7.7g of potassium iodide into a 50cm3 beaker. Use distilled water to help the iodide dissolve. Swirl for a few minutes until the iodide has completely dissolved. Using a funnel to help, pour the potassium iodide into a 500cm3 volumetric flask, make sure all traces of the solution is in the volumetric flask. Using distilled water would be a good method in order to rinse the beaker. Make the solution up to the 500cm3 mark with iodine (1% concentration) • Starch Indicator Solution

The saponification (a reaction in making soap) process is a base (usually NaOH or KOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides to make salt (soap) and glycerol. Alkalis such as Sodium carbonate and Sodium hydroxide are used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to a salt. The molecules crystallize differently depending on the base used. NaOH produces a harder bar while KOH is used more frequently for liquid soaps. In some cases, Lithium soaps are formed and produce much harder soaps. There are four

hydrolysis (saponification), acid-catalyzed hydrolysis (with the reverse reaction the Fischer Esterification), and enzymatic hydrolysis, triggered by lipases. Base-facilitated hydrolysis generally uses aqueous NaOH as a reagent, providing the base that attacks the carbonyl and begins the hydrolysis. Saponification hydrolyzes esters into carboxylic acids or fatty acids and alcohols. This has been used for thousands of years to produce soap from fatty acids as the salts produced from saponification can dissolve

Making Soap 1.Define the following terms: triacylglycerol, saponification, surfactant, micelle. Answer: Triacylglycerol – An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride). Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other animals, as well as vegetable fat. Saponification – A process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or

place through a 2-step organic reaction. It is also referred to as saponification. Saponification is a special type of hydrolysis which converts an ester into an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. The first step (1) of the hydrolysis, involves the addition of NaOH to methyl salicylate. The reaction is then put under reflux. This produces the sodium salt of salicylic acid known as sodium salicylate. The end products of saponification are alcohol and carboxylic acid. Therefore, in the second step (2)

Physicochemical properties of erucic acid used for the synthesis of sucrose erucate were analyzed. The results of analysis are depicted in Table 5.1 Table 5.1 Analysis of erucic acid Acid value 166.03 ± 0.9 mg KOH/gm Iodine value 78.04 ± 1.2 g I2/100gm Saponification value 168.05 ± 0.8 mg KOH/gm 5.1.2 Analysis of methyl erucate After synthesis and purification of synthesized methyl erucate general characteristics of product were tested. The results obtained are shown in Table 5.2 and Figure 5.1 Figure 5

An irreversible, spontaneous and homogeneous reaction was researched at an ambient temperature of 22.7°C. The specific reaction is given in Equation 1. CH_3 COOCH_2 CH_3+ NaOH →CH_3 COONa+CH_3 CH_2 OH (1) It is necessary to determine the reaction kinetics for the reaction in Equation 1. Reaction kinetics is an unavoidable stepping stone needed for reactor design and optimising these reactors to their full potential. It is a measurement of how quickly a reaction occurs. The rate of a reaction is

I’ve never had to think about chemistry being connected to our society, but almost everything is chemistry related; for example, the soaps we use to wash our hands are made up of potassium salts of fatty acids. The process to make soap is called saponification, which involves heating fats and oils and reacting them with a liquid alkali. When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, hard soap is formed “bar soap” and when the alkali is potassium hydroxide, a potassium soap is formed “liquid soap”. A question

Fat has a high importance to human health, as it affects the texture and taste of food. In recent times, food trends have followed a dangerous course. For example, unbalanced eating, also the habits of excessive calories, the sustained increase in processed foods, and the fast food widespread changes in food behavior. Those changes of habits have developed a large concern to the community, especially the allegedly increase on some health problems, that is the mere consequence of obesity. An increased

Glycerol is an organic compound that consists of three-carbon chain with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon and it is physiologically harmless [1]. Glycerol has the following of physical and chemical properties such as high boiling point, negligible vapor pressure, does not require special handling or storage and compatible with most organic and inorganic compounds. Glycerol is a trivalent alcohol with many commercial applications, presently finding its largest use in the pharmaceutical, food

and esters. In the case of hydrolytic reaction, the steam produced during the processing of food containing water causes the hydrolysis of triglycerides, resulting in the formation of free fatty acid, glycerol, monoglycerides, and diglycerides. High free fatty acid level, i.e. quantum of free fatty acids greater than 1 mg/g KOH, results in generation of high amounts of undesirable soap simultaneously with transestrification reaction. In the alkali-catalyzed process, the presence of free fatty acid

Kathy Reichs is on the Board of Directors for the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and is certified as a forensic anthropologist by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. Much of her knowledge of forensic anthropology comes from personal experience, though she also consults other specialists in both her field and outside of it to ensure accuracy in her novels. Due to her experience and commitment to accuracy, Reich’s novels exemplify real forensic anthropology better than most fictional

Sewage is a blend of squanders, both residential and modern as arrangement or suspension. It is additionally called city water or wastewater. It comprises of almost 99% water alongside pathogenic microbes, suspended solids and particles. It is discharged in water bodies like lakes or streams and there is a need to guarantee the best possible treatment of these squanders so as to avert water contamination and related infections. Sewage is derieved from the latin word "exaquare" signifying 'to deplete

& irritants in form of liquid , powder , solids or vapor. Of these alkali injuries occur more frequently(1-3). Alkali burns are more severe than acidic burns, because of their rapid penetrating effect through the cornea. Alkali agents causes saponification of fatty acids in the cell membrane with subsequent distractiondestruction of mucopolysaccharides , at same time it enhances the collaginolysis process causing tissue necrosis and perforation. IOn the other

produced by burning the biodiesel. •The plant can be used to prevent and control erosion and to reclaim land. • Jatropha plant oil is being extensively used for making soap in some countries because it has a very high saponification value. • Jatropha plant oil is used as an illuminant as it burns without emitting

INTRODUCTION Lipidsaareaa group of naturally occurringamolecules that includeafats, waxes,asterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K) monoglycerides , diglycerides ,triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structuralacomponents of cellamembranes. Lipids have applications in the cosmeticaand food industries as well as in nanotechnology. (Ackman, 1967) The iodine value (or "iodine adsorption

Introduction Forensic pathologists are specially trained medical physicians that determine the death of people who died suddenly or violently. This essay will examine the steps they take to determine the cause of death, and . Autopsy The meaning of autopsy is to look at yourself. An autopsy is a medical procedure performed on a corpse to determine the cause of death. Autopsies are forbidden in some middle eastern religions, some believe in keeping the body complete. A medical examiner usually involves

In order to assess whether it is easy to find out injuries, cause of death, pattern of changes after death etc. in decomposed bodies and to assess the extent of certainty. To analyze the various efforts made on part of the investigating officer and the autopsy surgeon to establish the identity of the unidentified bodies and its forensic significance. 3.INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF PROBLEM It is common that often forensic experts are encountered in their professional practices with bodies or human