Surfactant Essays

Pulmonary surfactant Introduction Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids (PL) and proteins (SP) that reduce surface tension at the air-liquid interface of the alveolus, thus preventing its collapse during end-exhalation (Daniels, 2003; Malloy et al., 2005). It also participates in innate host defense against inhaled pathogens (Malloy et al., 2005). Surfactant is synthesized and secreted by Type II alveolar epithelial cells, also called pneumocytes, which differentiate between

performed was to see what surfactant does and really is. As said by Mallinath Chakraborty, “Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of specific lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, which is produced in the lungs by type II alveolar epithelial cells. The mixture is surface active and acts to decrease surface tension at the air–liquid interface of the alveoli.” Within our respiratory system our lungs have alveoli which contain a surfactant that help with water. Without the surfactant in the alveoli the

Surfactants of emulsions are amphiphilic which means it contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. So when emulsion, the surfactant covers the surface of drops with its hydrophobic part in the drop and its hydrophilic part in the water. Typically, there are four types of surfactants: anionic, cationic, amphoteric and non-ionic. The anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) release a negative charge in the

hexahydrate (Ce(NO3)3∙6H2O), zirconium (IV) oxynitrate hydrate (ZrO(NO3)2∙xH2O), 1-butanol, nitric acid (HNO3) and P123 surfactant (EO20-PPO70-PEO20) were the required chemicals. The required amounts of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide precursors (see Annex 7.2 for the calculation details) were dissolved in a solution containing respective amounts of 1-butanol, HNO3 and P123 surfactant. Then, the solution was placed in a water bath of 40 to 60 oC under magnetic stirring for further mixing. The obtained

fatal but curable disease. It is a vicious series of events that all lead to severe impairment of the respiratory function. Although it is primarily due to immature lungs the reason the lung maturity is so important is because of the growth of surfactant. Surfactant replacement and mechanical ventilation are both very helpful therapies for infants with Respiratory distress syndrome however the best method is the prevention of prematurity. The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the reader about this

It affects premature infants because their lungs not fully develop and the lungs don’t have an insufficient surfactant. The surfactant is a complex phospholipid+ protein secreted by type 2 cell. It reduces surface the tension of alveolus. It keeps the alveoli open and prevents a collapse of the alveoli. When the surfactant is inadequate the alveoli will collapse, lung expansion will become more difficult ( compliance). Therefore, the infants can’t be able to breath

To investigate the effect of agitation time and feed concentration on percentage removal of phenol batch experiments were carried out at room temperature in the range of 100 to 700 mg/l of initial feed concentration and the results are shown in Fig. 2.Experimental conditions used were agitation speed of 200rpm, biosorbent dosage 0.15 g and pH 7.From figure it is observed that with increase in agitation time from 0 to 2 days, the percentage removal increased from 8% to 98%.Phenol adsorption from bulk

Critical Micelle Concentration The CMC (Critical Micelle Concentration) is the amount of a surfactant molecule in a bulk stage, beyond which aggregates of surface active agents, so-called micelles. The CMC is a significant distinctive property of surfactants for its application. Generally molecules have two different constituents with differing attraction for the solutes. The component of the molecule that has an empathy for polar solutes, like water, is assumed to be hydrophilic. The component of

alveolar cells, which secrete alveolar fluid (surfactant is a component of alveolar fluid). Surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins, which serves to lower the surface tension of alveolar fluid, 30 preventing collapse of alveoli and maintaining their patency 8. Meconium, when aspirated into the lungs, deactivates surfactant. Research has also shown that meconium disturbs surfactant synthesis, with a study concluding that surfactant phosphatidylcholine (a phospholipoprotein which

with lung surfactant, Curosurf®. Solubilities of moxifloxacin and ethionamide (Table 1) in PBS were found to be 17.68 ± 0.85 mg/mL and 0.46 ± 0.02 mg/mL while in 0.4% curosurf were found to be 20.76 ± 0.35 mg/mL and 0.56 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. Solubility of moxifloxacin was ~38 time higher than ethionamide in both the media tested. The addition of lung surfactant (0.4% curosurf) has significantly (p>0.05) increased the solubility of both the drugs.

both characteristics of IPF. Consistent with what Kropski et.al, (2013) put forward, there are four genes that cause familial IPF, the inherited variant of IPF, and control the pulmonary linked “surfactant protein C (encoded by SFTPC)” and the “surfactant protein A2 (encoded by SFTPA2)”. The surfactant protein C is known to be hydrophobic in nature and is crucial for normal lung operation and eventually survival of the human being. According to Kropski et.al, (2013), these four genes

along with NaBH4. Iron chloride tetra hydrate (FeCl2.4H2O) (Moly Chem 98%), Cobaltous acetate (Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O) (sd-fine chem. Limited 99%) are the metal precursors used in this Co and FeCo synthesis, PVP (C6H9NO)n (sigma Aldrich 99.9%) acts as surfactant. 2.1 Synthesis of Co Nanoparticles 2.1.1 Experimental

Making Soap 1.Define the following terms: triacylglycerol, saponification, surfactant, micelle. Answer: Triacylglycerol – An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri- and glyceride). Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other animals, as well as vegetable fat. Saponification – A process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye. Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or

al., 2010). This is attributed to their rapid oxidation, magnetization and high reactivity (Zhang et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2015). One of the proposed method to overcome this drawback is to coat the nZVI particle surface with surfactants, upon rapid desorption of surfactants into the waste water the particle stability would markedly reduce. Alternate method introduces support to immobilize nZVI on surface, thus reducing agglomeration of nZVI. The immobilizer studies for such purpose includes, MWCNTs

The soil surrounding an old disposal facility has been found to be contaminated with the pesticide dieldrin. Dieldrin is an organochlorine pesticide first used as an insecticide on corn and cotton fields. It was later used as an insecticide to control agricultural pests such as termites. Dieldrin is an organic pollutant that is difficult to break down due to the abundance of chlorides attached to the molecule. This compound is insoluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents, fat, and oils. Because

Chapter 7 Results 7. RESULTS 7.1 PREFORMULATION STUDY 7.1.1 Organoleptic Characteristics Organoleptic Characteristics was visually determined which was compliance with the standard. Table 7: Organoleptic characteristic of naproxen Sr.no Properties Standard Observed 1 Appearance White crystalline White crystalline 2 Odor Odorless Odorless 43 Taste Bitter Bitter 7.1.2 Melting

development and growth continues throughout childhood. Pre-term birth can lead to infants with under-developed lungs. These lungs show incomplete development of the alveolar type II cells, cells that produce surfactant. The lungs of pre-term infants may not function well because the lack of surfactant leads to increased surface tension within the alveoli. Thus, many alveoli collapse such that no gas exchange can occur within some or most regions of an infant's lungs, a condition termed respiratory distress

5. Results and Discussions 5.1 Methyl erucate synthesis 5.1.1 Chemical analysis of erucic acid Physicochemical properties of erucic acid used for the synthesis of sucrose erucate were analyzed. The results of analysis are depicted in Table 5.1 Table 5.1 Analysis of erucic acid Acid value 166.03 ± 0.9 mg KOH/gm Iodine value 78.04 ± 1.2 g I2/100gm Saponification value 168.05 ± 0.8 mg KOH/gm 5.1.2 Analysis of methyl erucate After synthesis and purification of synthesized methyl erucate general characteristics

the penny, sticking together tightly so that it had risen above the penny. This occurred because of the high surface tension water has due to its hydrogen bonding. On the other penny with the soapy water, I was only able to place 24. Soap is a surfactant to water by interfering the hydrogen bonding and decreasing the surface tension so that the water does not stick to each as well as would have. In the second lab “Water down a String”, when I had first attempted to pour the water down the string

The saponification (a reaction in making soap) process is a base (usually NaOH or KOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides to make salt (soap) and glycerol. Alkalis such as Sodium carbonate and Sodium hydroxide are used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to a salt. The molecules crystallize differently depending on the base used. NaOH produces a harder bar while KOH is used more frequently for liquid soaps. In some cases, Lithium soaps are formed and produce much harder soaps. There are four