Upper motor neuron Essays

disease degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons.” ALS prevents the nourishment of muscles, and when muscles are not fed the required nutrients, they atrophy. It hit’s areas of the spinal cord where the nerve cells that signal and control the muscles are located. As the area begins to die, it starts to scar or harden in that region. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. When the motor neurons start to die, the ability

Introduction Cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system, PNS. They relay motor and sensory data to the oral musculature and muscles of the pharynx and larynx. This information is pivotal for operating proper speech and swallowing mechanisms. Therefore, it is important that the speech-language pathologist be familiar with the name, distribution, and anatomy of all of the cranial nerves. It is also necessary to know the testing procedures involved with cranial nerves as well as signs

Pathology and Etiology Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a relatively elusive disease. ALS is a disease that affects the large upper and lower motor neurons of the motor cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord . The destruction of the upper and lower motor neurons causes progressive paralysis. Even with research of ALS beginning in 1869, and becoming more widely known in 1939 (About ALS), the cause is still being heavily researched. Luckily, scientists have come across quite a few theories as

posterior cranial fossa attached with brain stem by three pairs of peduncles. From the base of the brain stem the 12 pairs of cranial nerves are arising. The motor nuclei of the IX, X, XI and XII cranial nerves line in the fourth ventricle is formed by the basal plate neurons. The sensory nuclei of V, VIII, IX, and X cranial nerves are form by the neurons of alar plate. The choroid plexus is formed as result of vagination

Voltage gated channels open and close in response to an electrical voltage, so they are affected by changes in electrical change around them. When a neuron is “at rest” a charge difference is maintained between the inside and the outside of the cell. This charge difference is produced and maintained largely by active transport using sodium-potassium pumps. The pumps send ions out of the cells and bring

peripheral nerves. TMS can be applied as single pulses of stimulation, pairs of stimuli separated by variable intervals to the same or different brain areas, or as trains of repetitive stimuli at various frequencies. Single stimuli can depolarise neurons and evoke measurable effects. Trains of stimuli (repetitive TMS) can modify excitability of the cerebral cortex at the stimulated site and also at remote areas along functional anatomical connections. Transcranial magnetic stimulation might provide

words it is part of a group that attacks the motor neurons. It's not only the deadliest of the diseases but also the most common. Most victims live three to five years after being diagnosed with this deadly disease. About 15,000-20,000 Americans currently are affected by ALS. Nerves slowly die during the

symptoms and diagnosis of ALS will be examined. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that affects neurons in the body that is responsible for controlling voluntary muscles (Adis International Limited). ALS affects both the upper and lower motor neurons in the body. The upper motor neuron, found in the

and coordinates with different parts of the brain to maintain homeostasis in the body. Amygdala: The amygdala deals with aggression and emotions. Cerebellum: The cerebellum allows us to coordinate movement and allows for balance. It contains more neurons than any part of the brain because it is a significant part of the brain that requires the use of many neural connections. It is located at the back of the brain in the lower half. Reticular Activating System: A major part of the brain stem, The

involve muscle relaxants. Skeletal muscle relaxants are categorized as a heterogeneous group of drugs. As a class, they are structurally and pharmacologically diverse. These drugs are used to stabilize muscle excitability, decrease pain, and improve motor function. They employ their pharmacologic effect centrally at the level of the spinal cord, the brainstem, or the cerebrum. They have no impact, if any effect at the muscle fiber level. Muscle relaxants can be divided into two main categories; antispasmodic

and and hip joints, which also includes arrhythmic jerking movements primarily seen in the hands. When the patient has his arms extended, his wrists dorsiflexed, the patient will be unable to hold his hands back. This motor disorder is caused by abnormalities of the diencephalic motor centers and is associated with various encephalopathies and also due to malfunctioning of the metabolism. Hence we differentiate in bilateral Asterixis, caused specifically by hepatic failure. (1) And secondly in unilateral

Most stroke victims, who undergo the usual course of rehabilitation, rarely achieve great improvements in their motor skills. A prime example is Dr. Michael Bernstein, an eye surgeon who experienced a debilitating stroke that paralyzed his left side of his body at the age of 44 (Doidge, 2007). He went through a week of physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech

2009). It is responsible for receiving and processing information concerning smell. It is connected to the amygdala and enables the brain to form memories based on smells. It forms part of the limbic system. The Basal Ganglia These are a group of neurons found in cerebral hemispheresconsisting of input nuclei, output nuclei and intrinsic nuclei (Steiner & Tseng, 2010). The input nuclei receives signals and the output signal sends the signals to the part of the brain that processses the signals. They

An organ bath experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of agonist, histamine on guinea pig ileum (GPI) and how the antagonists, mepyramine and SIPBSDrug A affect the GPI’s response (smooth muscle contractions). A GPI simulation was conducted to compare the potencies and nature of antagonists against histamine. The control Rmax and EC50 of histamine without antagonist were 16.49gms and 2.093 x 10-7M respectively. The concentration-response curves were shifted to right parallelly and EC50

The hair whitens and becomes thin. b) There is loss of height due to thinning of spinal cartilage and stooped posture. c) There is elasticity of the skin due to loss of collagen. In the internal changes, a) The brain shrinks by 1/3rd and loses neurons and there is decreased blood, O2, glucose

NAME: Cassianna Sookram ID#: 812003173 DATE: 20.04.2016 CASE REPORT: Retinitis Pigmentosa (Pathology 2) ABSTRACT This case looks at the clinical findings, causes, signs, symptoms, diagnostic tests and management options of a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. Keywords: Retinitis Pigmentosa INTRODUCTION Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment due to the progressive degeneration of the rod photoreceptor cells in the retina. It may

Types of Human Memory Human is very complex being who has superior intelligence, the ability to articulate speech and has emotions. These incredible abilities come from the human brain which makes human more special and different from animals or any other creatures in this world. The brain controls and is responsible for human’s thoughts, body movement and feelings, as well as the memory. Human memory is the processes which involve in retaining; retrieving and using information about stimuli, images

Quotes about the human brain: “The human brain is a funny thing: it's very susceptible to tempo and melody. You put the right words to it, and it becomes very influential.” -Ray Stevens “The human brain has 100 billion neurons, each neuron connected to 10 thousand other neurons. Sitting on your shoulders is the most complicated object in the known universe.” -Michio Kaku How to deal with memory loss If you noticed your memory is no longer as sharp as it used to be, here are some tips to help you

10.1 STROKE This concept was taken from module 10 “Assessment of nervous system”, Sub-topic 3 “common abnormalities and assessment findings of nervous system”. Stroke is a condition of both the nervous and cardio-vascular system. Stroke is a condition of brain damage which results due to shortage of blood supply. The blood supply to the arteries of the brain is reduced leading to brain damage. This result from shortage of blood supply and glucose supply to the brain. In the US it is the fourth

Introduction to Functional Anatomy and Exercise Physiology lab Report Name Institution Introduction The human body is made up of interconnected systems that work together to produce different body functions. The systems are interdependent of each other hence playing a significant role in every single body function achieved. The human body systems are categorized into three primary divisions; physiology, anatomy, and neurology, based on their functions. Sports and exercises play a significant role