Central Nervous System Case Study

TAQ 1: a) b) The mammalian nervous system is split into two. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which coordinates and controls the movement and activities of the body and the peripheral nervous system, made up of the somatic and autonomic system, which forms the connections between the organs and the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord work together to aid the coordination of the body. The brain can be divided into three main regions: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. The forebrain interprets sensory information, thought processes and memory and it also monitors the composition of the blood and temperature on the body.

Some scholars, however, argue that ADC is caused by a macrophage-initiated cascade of events that leads to the degeneration and dysfunction of the brain (McGuire, 2003). To this school of thought, this macrophage-initiated cascade is not influenced by the quantity of viruses in the brain. This second hypothesis is informed by the fact that activated macrophages can produce neurotoxins that trigger the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxygen free radicals. As highlighted by McGuire (2003), various in-vitro studies have indicated that these factors can kill human brain cells. In line with this discourse, Pulliam, Gascon, Stubblebine, McGuire, and McGrath (1997) reported significantly higher amounts of a specific subtype of macrophages among patients with ADC as compared to their

There are three separate forces that passively affect how potassium moves through cell channels. One way that affects it is the chemical gradient that occurs and pushes the element out of the cell to re-balance the chemical concentration. When the ions are then pushed out of the cell, automatically, they are drawn back to the cell. The molecule's positive charge is attracted to the negative charge of the proteins inside the cell, where therefore creates the chemical gradient. A second way is when the chemical and electrical gradients go up against one another because they urge the potassium ions to move in opposite direction, this therefore creates an electrochemical gradient.

There are several differences between the electrodes and the medium into which they will be inserted. Depending on these differences, there may be an effect on the neural functionality. The first difference to consider is the Young’s modulus of the nerve and the electrode. The electrode, which is made from polysilicon, has a Young’s modulus of around 155 GPa1 while the nerve itself has a Young’s modulus of around 580 kPa2. A large mismatch in Young’s modulus can lead to the electrode being encapsulated by non-neuronal cells as the body attempts to minimize the damage caused by having something stiff inserted into soft tissue.

They exert a wide range of functions in neuronal/glial proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as in maintaining the membrane permeability to ions and in the stabilization of synaptic transporters and receptors, the latest processes relevant to the generation and propagation of the nervous impulse and synaptic transmission.20,39,40 Moreover, cell and animal models underscore the key function of sphingolipids in the neurite growth and myelination of the cerebellum and forebrain, among other brain regions.41,42 Deficiency of ceramide synthase-2 that generates sphingolipids with C22-C24 fatty acyl chains results in 50% loss of compacted myelin and 80% loss of CNS myelin basic protein.42 Similarly, a 60% reduction of myelin-associated glycoprotein in the cerebellum and forebrain characterizes mice deficient in ceramide synthase-1, the enzyme that generates C18:0 sphingolipids.41 Interestingly, mice deficient of ceramide synthase -6, which generates C16:0 sphingolipids, as well as mice deficient of GM3 synthase that is responsible for one of the first steps in the production of gangliosides, both present hyperactive behavior and have been postulated as suitable animal models for

These molecules are found throughout the body, namely in areas such as the brain, the organs, immune cells, glands and connective tissues. In each tissue, the endocannabinoid system performs different tasks but the overall aim is the same. This is that of homeostasis (TruthOnPot.com, 2013). Homeostasis is the control of a stable internal environment. The endocannabinoid system is a unique system in the brain that affects important functions such how a person feels, moves and reacts (The Science of the Endocannabinoid System, 2011).

From the synaptic cleft, the ACh binds to the receptors located on the muscle fiber’s plasma membrane. After the ACh has found its way to the receptors and is bound to them, the muscle fibers become stimulated. The stimulated muscle fibers result in an impulse being generated. This impulse travels down the membrane until it reaches the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for regulating the Ca2+ ion concentration.

Sales professionals learn how they can control their genes and modify uncomfortable behaviors. They learn the science of the subconscious mind, which is the origin of stress, anxiety and fear and how to manage them. How Lifespan science changes the game of selling Lifespan combines Neuroplasticity and Epigenetics science with: Body Consciousness Techniques’ and Self-Management Skills, designed help sales professionals implement

Acetylcholine, Ach is the ganglionic neurotransmitter. Ach release from preganglionic synapse binds to nicotinic Ach receptors on the postganglionic cell. Postganglionic neuron is depolarized by Ach binding generating an action potential that elicits a response by traveling to the target

No matter what kind of depression you have, the pain is the same-caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain. No matter what you 're depressed about, or even if you don 't know why you 're depressed, there are some simple things you can do to reduce your pain and anxiety, and get yourself feeling better. Simple cognitive behavior techniques and exercises can lessen pain and stimulate more productive thinking. Low-key physical and mental activity can also speed recovery. 1.

However, brain controlled prosthetics can do those things, and may provide even more advantages, not with just the amputees, but for the world as well. First off, having a prosthetic that is controlled by similar thoughts and movements as a normal limb can reduce the patient 's effort/energy it generates compared to a regular